Cephalosporins

Document Utilities

Pharmacy Clinical Policy Bulletins

Subject: Cephalosporins

Class Edit Summary*

Status Drug PR PR-QL PR-AL ST M EX‡

P cefaclor

P cefadroxil

P cefpodoxime proxetil

P cefuroxime axetil

P cephalexin

P cephradine

P cefprozil

P Lorabid^® (loracarbef)

P Omnicef^® (cefdinir)

P Spectracef^® (cefditoren pivoxil)

FE Cedax^® (ceftibutin) X

FE Cefzil^® (cefprozil) X

FE Duricef^® (cefadroxil) X

FE Panixine™ (cephalexin disperse tab) X

FE Raniclor™ (cefaclor chew tab) X

FE Suprax^® (cefixime) X

FE Vantin^® (cefpodoxime) X

*P = Preferred; FE = Formulary Excluded; NP = Nonpreferred
PR = Precertification; QL = Quantity Limits; AL = Age Limits; ST = Step-Therapy
‡M EX = Medical Exception - This means the physician or health care professional must obtain a medical exception from Aetna, in order for the medication to be eligible for coverage. Medical Exception criteria apply to Formulary Excluded drugs for members enrolled in or covered by closed benefits plans, and also apply to Step-Therapy drugs in cases where a member's physician believes it is medically necessary for the member to use a step-therapy drug in the first instance without a trial of the prerequisite alternative drug(s).

Important Note

This Pharmacy Clinical Policy Bulletin expresses Aetna's determination of whether certain services or supplies are medically necessary. Aetna has reached these conclusions based upon a review of currently available clinical information (including clinical outcome studies in the peer-reviewed published medical literature, regulatory status of the technology, evidence-based guidelines of public health and health research agencies, evidence-based guidelines and positions of leading national health professional organizations, views of physicians practicing in relevant clinical areas, and other relevant factors). Aetna expressly reserves the right to revise these conclusions as clinical information changes, and welcomes further relevant information. Each benefits plan defines which services are covered, which are excluded, and which are subject to dollar caps or other limits. Members and their health care providers will need to consult the member's benefits plan to determine if there are any exclusions or other benefit limitations applicable to this service or supply. The conclusion that a particular service or supply is medically necessary does not constitute a representation or warranty that this service or supply is covered (that is, will be paid for by Aetna) for a particular member. The member's benefits plan determines coverage. Some plans exclude coverage for services or supplies that Aetna considers medically necessary. If there is a discrepancy between this policy and a member's plan of benefits, the benefits plan will govern. In addition, coverage may be mandated by applicable legal requirements of a state, the federal government or CMS for Medicare and Medicaid members. CMS's Coverage Database can be found on the following website: http://www.cms.hhs.gov/center/coverage.asp.

Policy

Medical Exception Criteria

Cedax, Cefzil, Duricef, Panixine, Raniclor, Suprax and Vantin are currently listed on the Aetna Formulary Exclusions List.* Therefore, they are excluded from coverage for members enrolled in prescription drug benefit plans that use a closed formulary, unless a medical exception is granted. Aetna considers Cedax, Cefzil, Duricef, Panixine, Raniclor, Suprax and Vantin to be medically necessary for those members who meet any of the following criteria:

A documented:
- Contraindication to two preferred alternatives indicated for the member's condition (see table below), one of which was a preferred cephalosporin OR,
- Intolerance to two preferred alternatives indicated for the member's condition (see table below), one of which was a preferred cephalosporin OR,
- Allergy to two preferred alternatives indicated for the member's condition (see table below), one of which was a preferred cephalosporin OR,
- Documented lack of bacterial sensitivity to two preferred alternatives indicated for the member's condition (see table below), one of which was a preferred cephalosporin OR,
- Failure of an adequate trial of 3 days each of two preferred alternatives indicated for the member's condition (see table below), one of which was a preferred cephalosporin.

Indication

Preferred alternatives

Skin/structure infection

amoxicillin
amoxicillin/clavulanate
ampicillin
azithromycin
cefaclor
cefaclor ER
cefadroxil
cefdinir (OMNICEF®)
cefditoren pivoxil (SPECTRACEF®)
cefpodoxime proxetil
cefprozil
cefuroxime
cephalexin
cephradine
ciprofloxacin
clarithromycin
cloxacillin
dicloxacillin
erythromycin
loracarbef (LORABID®)
moxifloxacin (AVELOX®)
penicillin VK

Pharyngitis

amoxicillin
ampicillin
azithromycin cefaclor
cefaclor ER
cefadroxil
cefdinir (OMNICEF®)
cefditoren pivoxil (SPECTRACEF®)
cefpodoxime proxetil
cephalexin
cephradine
cefprozil
cefuroxime
clarithromycin
erythromycin
loracarbef (LORABID®)
penicillin VK

Ear,Nose and Throat

amoxicillin
amoxicillin/clavulanate
ampicillin
azithromycin
cefaclor
cefaclor ER
cefdinir (OMNICEF®)
cefadroxil
cefpodoxime proxetil
cefprozil
cefuroxime
cephalexin
cephradine
ciprofloxacin
clarithromycin
erythromycin
loracarbef (LORABID®)
penicillin VK
sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (cotrimoxazole)
sulfisoxazole/erythromycin

Urinary tract infection

amoxicillin
amoxicillin/clavulanate
ampicillin
cefaclor
cefadroxil
cefuroxime
cefpodoxime proxetil
cephalexin
cephradine
ciprofloxacin
loracarbef (LORABID®)
nitrofurantoin
sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (cotrimoxazole)
sulfisoxazole
trimethoprim

*Information regarding Aetna's Preferred Drug List, Formulary Exclusions list, Precertification and Step-Therapy lists is available on our website. In addition, members should refer to their plan documents and may call the toll-free telephone number on their ID card for information regarding their benefits. Health care professionals also may obtain information by calling the Pharmacy Management Precertification Unit at 1-800-414-2386, or they can register to use our password-protected provider website. Visit www.aetna.com, select "Doctors & Hospitals" and choose "Physician Self-Service." Once registration is completed, health care professionals may use our online Precertification/medical exception email request form.

The lists above are subject to change. Not all programs - for example step-therapy, precertification, and quantity limits - are available in all service areas (for example, step-therapy does not apply to fully insured New Jersey members).

Many medications on the Preferred Drug List are subject to manufacturer rebate arrangements between Aetna and the manufacturer of those medications. If the member's prescription benefits plan has a deductible or copay levels based on a percentage of Aetna's contracted rate with the participating pharmacy, the contracted rate does not include or reflect any manufacturer rebate arrangements between Aetna and the medication manufacturer. In prescription plans with a deductible or copayment or coinsurance tiers, use of drugs from the Preferred Drug List generally will result in lower costs to members. However, where the prescription plan utilizes a deductible or copayments or coinsurance calculated on a percentage basis, there could be some circumstances in which a preferred drug would cost the member more than a nonpreferred drug because (1) the negotiated pharmacy payment rate for the preferred drug may be more than the negotiated pharmacy payment rate for the nonpreferred drug, and (2) rebates received by Aetna from drug manufacturers are not reflected in the cost of a prescription drug obtained by a member. The Preferred Drug List is subject to change.

In evaluating clinically and therapeutically similar drugs for selection for the Preferred Drug List, Aetna reviews the costs of drugs and takes into account rebates negotiated between Aetna and drug manufacturers. Consequently, a drug may be included on the Preferred Drug list that is more expensive than a nonpreferred alternative before any rebates Aetna may receive from a drug manufacturer are taken into account. In addition, certain drugs may be chosen for "preferred" status because of their clinical or therapeutic advantages or level of acceptance among physicians even though they cost more than nonpreferred alternatives. The net cost to a self-funded plan sponsor for covered prescriptions will vary based on (1) the terms of Aetna's arrangements with participating pharmacies; (2) the amount of the member's copayment, coinsurance or deductible obligation under the terms of the plan; and (3) the percentage, if any, of rebates to which the plan sponsor is entitled under its agreement with Aetna. As a result, a self-funded plan sponsor's actual claim expense per prescription for a particular preferred drug may in some circumstances be higher than for a nonpreferred alternative.

For members in Texas, additions to the 2006 Preferred Drug List will be effective no later than January 1, 2006. In accordance with state law, fully insured members in Texas who are receiving coverage for medications that are removed from the Preferred Drug List during the plan year will continue to have those medications covered at the same benefit level until their plan's renewal date.

This definition of precertification is not the same as the definition used by Texas law. Our use of the term "precertification" relates to the prior authorization of your services by Aetna, based on our decision of whether the service is medically necessary. Precertification is not a guarantee of payment or "verification" as defined by Texas law.

California HMO members enrolled in a closed formulary benefits plan who are receiving coverage for medications that are moved to the Formulary Exclusions List, and California HMO members who are receiving coverage for medications added to the Precertification or Step-Therapy lists, will continue to have those medications covered, for as long as the treating physician continues prescribing them. This coverage, in accordance with state law, is only provided when the drug is appropriately prescribed and is considered safe and effective for treating the member's medical condition.

Nothing in this section shall preclude the prescribing health care professional from prescribing another drug covered by the plan that is medically appropriate for the enrollee, nor shall anything in this section be construed to prohibit generic drug substitutions.

Place of Service:

Outpatient

The above policy is based on the following references:

USPDI Drug Information for the HealthCare Professional (online through Stat!Ref). Thomson MICROMEDEX, Greenwood Village, Colorado; 2005.
McEvoy GK, editor. American Hospital Formulary Service First Professional Edition (Stat Ref online). Bethesda, Maryland 2005..
Medical Economics, Inc., PDR Electronic Library. Thomson Medical Economics, Montvale, NJ; 2003.
Olin BR, editor. Drugs Facts and Comparisons (electronic online version). St. Louis: J.B. Lippincott Company, 2005.
Medispan Drug Information. 2005.
Product Information Insert. Spectracef TM tablets, Purdue Pharmaceuticals, Stamford, CT August 2003.
Product Information Insert. Cedax capsules,suspensio; BioVail Pharmaceuticals Inc. Morrisville , NC March 2002.
Product Information Insert. Duricef® tablets, suspension; Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ February 2000.
Product Information Insert. Ceftin® tablets, suspension; Glaxo SmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC September 2003.
Product Information Insert. Cefzil® tablets, suspension; Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ June 2002.
Product Information Insert. Lorabid® capsules, suspension; Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, IN May 2002.
Product Information Insert. Vantin® tablets, suspension; Pharmacia and Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, Michigan August 2003.
Product Information Insert. Suprax® tablets, suspension; Lederle Pharmacetuical, Pearl River, NY 10965.
Product Information Insert. Omnicef® capsules, suspension; Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, IL October 2001.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “2002 Guidelines for Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Diseases”. MMWR 2002; 51(RR06); 1-170
Sandford, Jay P., Gilbert, David N., Moellering, R.C. Sande, M.A.: Sandford Guide: Guide to Antimicrobial Therapy, 34^st edition, Copyright 2004, Antimicrobial Therapy Inc. Hyde Park, Vt
Guay, David. Formulary Forum: Cefdinir: An Extended-Spectrum Oral Cephalosporin. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy 2000; 34: 1469-77.

Property of Aetna Inc. All rights reserved. Pharmacy Clinical Policy Bulletins are developed by Aetna to assist in administering plan benefits and constitute neither offers of coverage nor medical advice. This Clinical Policy Bulletin contains only a partial, general description of plan or program benefits and does not constitute a contract. Aetna does not provide health care services and, therefore, cannot guarantee any results or outcomes. Participating providers are independent contractors in private practice and are neither employees nor agents of Aetna or its affiliates. Treating providers are solely responsible for medical advice and treatment of members. This Clinical Policy Bulletin may be updated and therefore is subject to change.

January 1, 2006