Pudendal Nerve Decompression
Number: 0805
Table Of Contents
PolicyApplicable CPT / HCPCS / ICD-10 Codes
Background
References
Policy
Aetna considers pudendal nerve decompression experimental and investigational for the treatment of following indications (not an all-inclusive list) because its effectiveness has not been established:
- Chronic pelvic pain
- Interstitial cystitis
- Penile numbness and erectile dysfunction
- Persistent genital arousal disorder
- Pudendal neuralgia (also known as Alcock canal syndrome, pudendal canal syndrome, pudendal nerve entrapment, and pudendal nerve neuropathy)
- Vulvodynia/vulvar vestibulitis.
Aetna considers pudendal nerve block in the treatment of pudendal neuritis experimental and investigational because there is no clinical evidence to support the use of pudendal nerve block in the treatment of pudendal neuritis. Note: This policy does not apply to the use of pudendal nerve blocks in obstetrics and other operative procedures.
Aetna considers pudendal neurolysis experimental and investigational for the treatment of persistent genital arousal disorder, and pudendal nerve entrapment syndrome because of insufficient evidence.
Aetna considers pudendal nerve hydrodissection experimental and investigational for the treatment of chronic pelvic pain syndrome because of insufficient evidence.
Related Policies
Background
The pudendal nerve is a nerve in the pelvic region that carries both sensory and motor fibers; it innervates the external genitalia of both sexes, as well as sphincters for the bladder and the rectum. Pudendal neuralgia (PN), also known as Alcock canal syndrome, pudendal canal syndrome (PCS), pudendal nerve entrapment (PNE) and pudendal nerve neuropathy, is a type of neuropathic pain in the pelvic region. It is a poorly recognized disease/syndrome; and its prevalence is unknown. The International Pudendal Neuropathy Association estimates the incidence of this condition to be 1/100,000; however, most practitioners treating patients with this condition feel the actual rate of incidence may be significantly higher (Hibner et al, 2010). PN may produce anal, penile, perineal, scrotal, vaginal or vulvar (including vulvodynia) pain. The principal feature of PN is severe, sharp pain along the course of the pudendal nerve or its branches, often aggravated with sitting. The most common cause of PN is mechanical compression resulting in entrapment of the pudendal nerve, although it may also be caused by an inflammation of the nerve.
PN is sometimes referred to as cyclist syndrome because the first documented individuals with the condition were competitive cyclists. The most common profile of a patient with PN is one who had visited multiple physicians and failed multiple pharmacotherapies; with no evidence of organ disease; and had normal colorectal and uro-gynecological evaluations. The cause of the PN is not always clear, but it is believed that neuronal injury caused by compression or stretching is the key etiology. Moreover, the clinical signs and symptoms of the PN exhibit great individual variability. Pudendal neuralgia is thought to be a diagnosis of exclusion and requires a high index of suspicion.
- pain in the anatomical territory of the pudendal nerve,
- pain worsened by sitting,
- the patient is not woken at night by the pain,
- no objective sensory loss on clinical examination, and
- positive anesthetic pudendal nerve block.
Stav et al (2009) reviewed the role of PN among women with chronic pelvic pain. These investigators stated that clinical neurophysiology tests have low diagnostic efficacy and must therefore be considered to be complementary investigations. They stated that PN does seem to exist as a clinical syndrome rather than a specific diagnosis. It is important to note that it does not have definite etiological implications, and there is no evidence to support equating the presence of this syndrome with a diagnosis of PNE although that may be one etiological condition. In a European Association of Urology (EAU)'s practice guideline on chronic pelvic pain, Fall et al (2008a) stated that pudendal nerve neuropathy is likely to be a probable diagnosis if the pain is unilateral, has a burning quality and is exacerbated by unilateral rectal palpation of the ischial spine, with delayed pudendal motor latency on that side only. However, such cases account for only a small proportion of all those presenting with perineal pain. Proof of diagnosis rests on pain relief following local anesthetic nerve blocks or decompression of the nerve in Alcock's canal, but long-term pain relief is rarely achieved.
Current treatments for PN entails behavioral modifications, pharmacotherapies (e.g., analgesics, anti-depressants, and anti-epileptics), physical therapy, pudendal nerve infiltration, nerve blocks, and decompression surgery. Pudendal nerve block/injection is a minimally invasive procedure in which a steroid and a local anesthetic are injected into the pudendal space under imaging guidance (ie, fluoroscopy, ultrasound or computed tomography (CT) scan) to anesthetize the pudendal nerve and purportedly relieve pain in individuals with PN.
Radiofrequency ablation/denervation is destruction of nerves using heat generated by an electric current. The goals of denervation, theoretically, are to "shut off" the pain signals that are sent to the brain from the pudendal nerve and reduce the likelihood of, or to delay, any recurrence that may occur by selectively destroying pain fibers without causing excessive sensory loss, motor dysfunction or other complications.
Pudendal nerve decompression is proposed as treatment for individuals with entrapment of the pudendal nerve resulting in intractable pain and other symptoms not relieved by conservative medical therapy. The pudendal nerve can be accessed via several surgical approaches: transgluteal, transischiorectal, transperineal or laparoscopic. The transgluteal approach is a surgical approach across the gluteus maximus (the large muscle of the buttocks) and the ischial tuberosity (the bony projection on the lower back part of the hip bone, where the body rests when in a sitting position). The transischiorectal approach is a surgical approach via a vertical vaginal incision into the pararectal space in women; in men it is via a paramedian transverse perineal incision, with entrance into the pararectal space. The transperineal approach is a surgical approach via the perineum, which is the region of the body between the anus and the scrotum or vulva.
Benson and Griffis (2005) noted that improvement is gained with conservative therapy; injections and decompression benefit one-half and one-third of patients with PN, respectively. On the other hand, Tubbs et al (2009) stated that pudendal nerve block and surgical decompression are often not effective. In addition, Rhame and colleagues (2009) stated that the ideal management for PN has not been determined. Carmel and associates (2010) noted that refractory chronic pelvic-perineal pain is a challenging entity that has devastating consequences for patients' quality of life. Many etiologies have been proposed including PN. Multiple treatment options are employed; but the reported results are sub-optimal and temporary. Hibner and colleagues (2010) stated that there is fair paucity of medical literature and scientific evidence in the diagnosis and treatment of PN. Furthermore, the EAU's clinical guideline on the general treatment of chronic pelvic pain (Falls et al, 2008b) did not mention pudendal nerve decompression (PND) as a therapeutic option.
Mauillon and associates (1999) examined if clinical symptoms, electrophysiological investigations, and the effectiveness of pre-operative pudendal nerve blocks could be used to predict the effectiveness of PND in patients with PN. A total of 12 consecutive patients complaining of anal pain, genital pain, or both, exacerbated in the sitting position and unsuccessfully treated by analgesics were studied. In these 12 patients, PND was performed following unsuccessful CT-guided injection of corticosteroids in the pudendal nerve at the ischial spine or after pain relapse following successful injections. A total of 19 nerves were decompressed by surgery, and the compressed area was located between the sacro-spinal and sacro-tuberal ligaments for 18 nerves. Three months after surgery, 4 patients were totally relieved, and 3 were only partially improved. After 21 months of follow-up, 3 patients were cured, 1 was slightly improved, and 8 remained in pain. In the 3 patients cured by surgery, pain completely disappeared for at least 2 weeks after a nerve block repeated twice before surgery, whereas pain relief was observed in only 1 of the 9 other patients (p = 0.018). None of the 3 patients cured by surgery was being treated for depression, whereas 6 of the 9 remaining patients were receiving antidepressants or were followed by a psychiatrist (p = 0.09). Results of surgery did not depend on other pre-operative clinical or electrophysiological data. The authors concluded that this preliminary study suggested that complete disappearance of pain for at least 2 weeks after a nerve block repeated twice before surgery may be the best criterion to predict success.
In a case series study, Bautrant and colleagues (2003) reported their findings on the treatments of PN including infiltration therapy and surgical decompression. Over a 4-year period, the diagnosis of PN was confirmed by electrophysiological investigations in 212 subjects. These researchers rejected 12 patients because of a radiculo-medullary organic etiology. This study only reported cases of women with a peripheral pudendal nerve injury (n = 200). Thirty-eight neuropathies free of canal symptoms (obstetrical, post-traumatic) were treated by infiltration therapy. The study of a total of 162 canal syndromes showed prevalent injury at the sacro-spino-tuberal ligamental grip, which was observed in 68 % of the cases, compared to the Alcock canal, which was present in only 20 % of the cases. A total of 104 patients underwent surgical decompression via a trans-ischio-rectal approach after failure of the infiltration therapy. The authors reported that the short-term (1 year) results appeared to be successful -- 86 % of the patients were symptom-free or with a significant reduction of pain.
Beco and colleagues (2004) noted that perineodynia (perineal pain, proctalgia, and vulvodynia), as well as anal and urinary incontinence are the main symptoms of the PCS or PNE. These researchers examined the effect of bilateral PND on the symptoms of PCS, on 3 clinical signs (i.e., abnormal sensibility, painful Alcock's canal and painful "skin rolling test"), and on 2 neurophysiological tests (i.e., electromyography and pudendal nerve terminal motor latencies [PNTML]). Patients were evaluated before and at least 1 year after surgery. When bilateral PND was the only procedure done to treat the symptoms, the cure rates of anal incontinence, perineodynia, and urinary incontinence were 4/5 (80 %), 8/14 (57 %), and 3/5 (60 %), respectively. The frequency of the 3 clinical signs was significantly reduced. There was a significant reduction of anal and perineal pudendal nerve terminal motor latencies and a significant increase of anal richness on electromyography. The authors concluded that these findings suggested that bilateral PND can treat perineodynia, as well as anal and urinary incontinence. Moreover, they stated that there is a need for further studies to confirm these preliminary results.
In a randomized, controlled trial, Robert and associates (2005) compared PND with non-surgical treatment in treating patients with PN. Patients aged 18 to 70 years and who had chronic, uni/bilateral perineal pain, positive temporary response to blocks at the ischial spine and in Alcock's canal were included. They were randomly assigned to surgery (n = 16) and control (n = 16) groups. Primary end point was improvement at 3 months following surgery or assignment to the non-surgery group. Secondary end points were improvement at 12 months and at 4 years following surgical intervention. A significantly higher proportion of the surgery group was improved at 3 months. On intention-to-treat analysis, 50 % of the surgery group reported improvement in pain at 3 months versus 6.2 % of the non-surgery group (p = 0.0155); in the analysis by treatment protocol the figures were 57.1 % versus 6.7 % (p = 0.0052). At 12 months, 71.4 % of the surgery group compared with 13.3 % of the non-surgery group were improved (p = 0.0025). Only those randomized to surgery were evaluated at 4 years: 8 remained improved at 4 years. No complications were encountered. The authors concluded that PND is an effective and safe treatment for cases of chronic PN that have been unresponsive to analgesics and nerve blocks. They also noted that following surgery, other medical interventions may be necessary.
- a greater than 50 % reduction in VAS score,
- a greater than 50 % improvement in global assessment of pain, or
- a greater than 50 % improvement in function and quality of life.
Vulvodynia is chronic pain in the area around the opening of the vagina (vulva) for which there is often no identifiable cause. Shafik (1998) reported the findings of 11 women (aged 28 to 53 years) with idiopathic vulvodynia who were treated with PND. The vulvar pain was associated with stress urinary incontinence in 6/11 women and all subjects had constipation. Perineal and vulvar hypoesthesia occurred in 6; weak anal reflex in 7; and reduced electromygraphic activity of the external anal sphincter in 3, of the external urethral sphincter in 6, and of the levator ani muscle in 11. There were significant increases of PNTML in all subjects (p < 0.05). The motor and sensory change as well as the increased PNTML point to PCS. Pudendal nerve block, as a diagnostic and therapeutic test, effected temporary pain relief. Pudendal nerve decompression was performed. The inferior rectal nerve was exposed through a para-anal incision, and followed to the pudendal nerve in the pudendal canal. Pudendal canal fasciotomy was done to release the pudendal nerve in the ischiorectal fossa. Vulvar pain disappeared in 9/11 women and stress urinary incontinence in 4/6 women. Anal reflex was normalized in 5/7 subjects, and vulvar and perineal hypoesthesia in 4/6 subjects. Improved electromyographic activities were seen in the external urethral sphincter in 4/6, in the external anal sphincter in 2/3, and in the levator ani in 9/11. The PNTML was normalized in 9/11 women. The author concluded that PND provided relief and improvement in the sensory and motor manifestations of the pudendal nerve in 9/11 women. This was a small, uncontrolled study with no follow-up evaluations.
Erdogru et al (2014) examined the effectiveness of laparoscopic pudendal nerve decompression and transposition (LaPNDT) in the treatment of chronic pelvic pain due to PN. Pudendal nerve entrapment (PNE) between the sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments is the most frequent etiology. These researchers described the technical details, feasibility, and advantages of a laparoscopic approach in patients with PNE. Consecutive patients (n = 27) with a diagnosis of PNE underwent LaPNDT with omental flap protection in an effort to prevent re-fibrosis around the nerve in the long-term. The degree of pain and pain impact were evaluated pre- and post-operatively using the VAS and the Impact of Symptoms and Quality of Life. The mean (± standard deviation [SD]) follow-up of the 27 patients was 6.8 ± 4.2 months; 16 of the 27 were followed-up for more than 6 months. The mean (SD) operation time was 199.4 ± 36.1 (155 to 300) mins, and the mean estimated blood loss was 39.7 ml. All patients were ambulated on the first post-operative day, and the mean (SD) hospitalization time was 2.1 ± 1.0 (1 to 6) days. The mean VAS scores of 27, 23, 16, and 6 patients were 1.5, 1.4, 1.6, and 2.0, post-operatively, at the 1st, 3rd, 6th, and 12th months (p < 0.0001). A greater than 80 % reduction in VAS score was achieved in 13 of the 16 patients (81.2 %) who were followed-up for more than 6 months. The authors concluded that LaPNDT seems a feasible surgical modality for cautiously selected patients with PNE. In addition, using an omental flap for protection of the nerve is one of the most important technical advantages of laparoscopy. Moreover, they stated that as a minimally invasive surgery, the laparoscopic approach can be technically feasible, with its promising preliminary results in the treatment of PNE. With further analysis, in the future it may open new frontiers for pudendal nerve neuromodulation as a new treatment modality in some intractable functional problems of the genito-urinary tract.
In summary, there is limited evidence on the effectiveness of pudendal nerve decompression in the treatment of chronic pelvic pain, pudendal neuralgia, as well as vulvodynia/vulvar vestibulitis. Furthermore, many studies were also limited by small sample sizes and short-term follow-up. Well-designed studies are needed to ascertain the clinical value of pudendal nerve decompression.
Interstitial Cystitis and Persistent Genital Arousal Disorder
Armstrong and Vancaillie (2016) noted that a variety of neuromodulation approaches have been described for the management of pelvic neuropathies, including interstitial cystitis, pudendal neuralgia and persistent genital arousal disorder. The benefits of a combined sacral and pudendal nerve neuromodulator has yet to be explored for these patients. These researchers described the case of a 35-year old woman with a complex pelvic neuropathy resulting in urinary, sexual and gastro-intestinal dysfunction. She presented with an established diagnosis of interstitial cystitis; however, she also fulfilled diagnostic criteria for pudendal neuralgia and persistent genital arousal disorder. The patient underwent implantation of a combined sacral and pudendal nerve neuoromodulation device at the time of surgical decompression of the pudendal nerves. An impressive clinical response followed. The authors concluded that this case demonstrated a unique clinical presentation and highlighted the value of a combined surgical and neuromodulatory approach in the management of patients with complex pelvic neuropathies. The clinical value of these approaches (decompression of the pudendal nerves, as well as sacral and pudendal nerve neuoromodulation) needs to be examined in well-designed studies.
Furthermore, an UpToDate review on “Management of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome” (Clemens, 2017) does not mention pudendal nerve decompression as a management tool.
Penile Numbness and Erectile Dysfunction
Luther and Castellanos (2019) stated that PND surgery has not been studied or reported for the treatment of penile numbness in the absence of pain. These investigators reported a case of a male patient with chronic numbness of the penis and erectile dysfunction (ED) in the absence of pelvic pain who was found to have pudendal nerve entrapment. The patient was treated with surgical decompression of the pudendal nerves that resulted in the return of genital sensation and erections. The authors proposed that pudendal nerve entrapment may be considered as a cause of penile numbness and that PND surgery in these patients may be effective. These preliminary findings need to be validated by well-designed studies.
Pudendal Neurolysis for the Treatment of Pudendal Nerve Entrapment Syndrome
Moscatiello and colleagues (2018) noted that pudendal nerve entrapment syndrome (PNE) is characterized by the presence of neuropathic pain in the pudendal nerve territory, associated or not with urinary, defecatory and sexual disorders. These investigators described the first robot-assisted pudendal neurolysis procedure performed in Spain. They described step-by-step the technique of robot-assisted laparoscopic neurolysis of the left pudendal nerve performed with intra-operative neurophysiological monitoring on a 60-year old patient diagnosed with left PNE. The procedure was performed satisfactorily without complications. After 24 hours, the patient was discharged from the hospital. These researchers observed a 50 % reduction in pain measured using the VAS 2 weeks after the procedure, which remained after 10 weeks of the neurolysis. The authors concluded that robot-assisted neurolysis of the pudendal nerve constituted a feasible and safe approach, enabling better visualization and accuracy in the dissection of the pudendal nerve. Moreover, they stated that intra-operative neurophysiological monitoring was useful for locating the pudendal nerve and for detecting intra-operative changes after the release of the nerve. These preliminary findings need to be validated by well-designed studies.
Pudendal Neurolysis for Persistent Genital Arousal Disorder
Klifto and Dellon (2020) stated that persistent genital arousal disorder (PGAD) is a woman's perception that she is in a state of sexual arousal, without the ability of arousal to be satisfied by orgasm. These researchers hypothesized that PGAD results from a minimal degree of nerve compression of the dorsal branch of the pudendal nerve. If this is true, PGAD could be treated by neurolysis of the dorsal branch of the pudendal nerve. These investigators carried out a retrospective chart review from 2010 through 2018, of women having neurolysis of the dorsal branch of the pudendal nerve for PGAD. The main outcome measures were the pre-operative and post-operative changes in clitoral symptoms (arousal, numbness, pain). A total of 8 women included in this study were followed for more than 26 weeks since surgery (mean of 65 weeks, range of 26 to 144); 7 of the 8 women had the surgery bilaterally, and each of these had an excellent result, meaning elimination of the arousal symptoms, and the ability to resume normal sexual intercourse. The patient with unilateral decompression of the dorsal branch of the pudendal nerve was the only patient who had some, versus complete improvement in arousal symptoms. Of the 7 women that had pain, 6 had complete relief and 1 had partial relief. No major surgical complications were observed. The authors concluded that the relief of arousal symptoms by neurolysis of the dorsal nerve to the clitoris supported the hypothesis that PGAD is due to a minimal degree of compression of the dorsal branch of the pudendal nerve. These preliminary findings from a small (n = 8), retrospective study need to be validated by well-designed studies.
Pudendal Nerve Hydrodissection for the Treatment of Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome
Hui and colleagues (2020) noted that urological chronic pelvic pain syndrome (UCPPS) represents a group of pain symptoms relating to patients with pelvic pain for which treatment is largely unsatisfactory. In a retrospective, institutional review board (IRB)-approved study, these researchers examined the effects of a novel treatment strategy in men suffering from UCPPS. They analyzed 8 men aged 24 to 61 years with UCPPS. All subjects had a trial of antibiotic therapy, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and pelvic floor physical therapy (PT) before the study. The VAS and functional pelvic pain scale (FPPS) were collected pre-treatment. While continuing PT, patients underwent weekly ultrasound (US)-guided pelvic floor trigger point injections to the iliococcygeus, pubococcygeus, and puborectalis with lidocaine 1 %. Simultaneously, patients received peripheral nerve hydrodissection carried out on the pudendal nerve and the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve. The first 2 injections combined 1 % lidocaine with dexamethasone, while the next 4 injections consisted of 1 % lidocaine with traumeel (a homeopathic, plant-derived anti-inflammatory medication). At the 6-week follow-up, each patient re-took the VAS and FPPS. The mean age of the patients was 31.8 years and the average duration of symptoms of the UCPPS was 21 months. Pre-treatment, the mean VAS was 3.3 (STD 1.7) and the mean VAS post-treatment was 1.8 (STD 1.4); p < 0.05; 95 % CI: 0.73 to 2.27. The mean FPPS pre-treatment was 11.0 (STD 8.0) and the mean FPPS post-treatment was 6.3 (STD 5.3); p < 0.05; 95 % CI: 0.03 to 9.22. The authors concluded that these findings showed promise for a novel, non-opioid-based treatment for UCPPS.
Plavnik and associates (2020) stated that endometriosis is the abnormal growth of uterine tissue outside the uterine cavity that can cause chronic pain, dysmenorrhea, and dyspareunia. Although the disease is common and non-malignant in nature, the symptoms can severely impact function and quality of life (QOL). Therapeutic options for endometriosis are limited and not well understood despite a growing need. In a retrospective, longitudinal, case-series study, these researchers examined the effectiveness of pelvic-floor musculature trigger-point injections and peripheral nerve hydrodissection in the treatment of endometriosis symptoms, associated pain, and pelvic functionality. A total of 16 female patients with biopsy-confirmed endometriosis participated in this trial; US-guided pelvic-floor trigger-point injections and peripheral nerve hydrodissection were carried out once-weekly for 6 weeks. Main outcome measures included pelvic pain intensity as measured pre-treatment and post-treatment by the 0 to 10 VAS and the FPPS. Pre-treatment, the mean VAS score was 6.0 (standard deviation [SD] 2.7), and post-treatment the mean VAS score was 2.9 (SD 2.6); p < 0.05, 95 % CI: 1.16 to 4.97. The mean total FPPS score pre-treatment was 14.4 (SD 5.2) and post-treatment it was 9.1 (SD 5.8); p < 0.05, 95 % CI: 1.34 to 9.28. Analysis of the sub-categories within the FPPS indicated that the improvement was statistically significant in the categories of intercourse, sleeping, and working. In the category of intercourse, the mean change in score after treatment was 1.3 (p < 0.05, 95 % CI: 0.26 to 2.31). In the category of sleeping, the mean change in score post-treatment was 1.2 (p < 0.05, 95 % CI: 0.32 to 1.99). In the category of working, the mean change in score post-treatment was 0.9 (p < 0.05, 95 % CI: 0.18 to 1.53). The authors concluded that analysis suggested that the treatment was effective at relieving pain related to endometriosis; it also reflected promise in improving overall pelvic function, especially in relation to intercourse, working, and sleeping.
In a retrospective study, Mustafa and co-workers (2020) examined the effectiveness of treatment of women with CPPS using a combination of external US-guided trigger point injections to the pelvic floor musculature with peripheral nerve hydrodissection. A total of 73 women with CPPS were treated with external US-guided trigger point injections to the pelvic floor musculature with pelvic peripheral nerve hydrodissection once-weekly for 6 weeks in an outpatient setting. Pelvic pain intensity as measured pre-treatment and post-treatment using the VAS and FPPS. Categories of function evaluated were bladder, bowel, intercourse, walking, sleeping, working, running, and lifting. Pre-treatment, the mean VAS score was 6.8 (SD = 2.38); p < 0.05, 95 % CI: 6.25 to 7.35. Post-treatment, the mean VAS score was 5.08, (SD = 2.67); p < 0.05, 95 % CI: 4.46 to 5.70. The mean total FPPS score before treatment was 11.53 (SD = 6.50); p < 0.05, 95 % CI: 10.02 to 13.03. Post-treatment, the mean FPPS score was 8.69, (SD = 6.38); p < 0.05, 95 % CI: 7.21 to 10.17. Analysis of the subcategories within the FPPS indicated that the improvement was statistically significant in the categories of intercourse and working. In the category of intercourse, the mean change in score after treatment was 0.72. Pre-treatment, the mean was 2.01 (p < 0.05, 95 % CI: 1.63 to 2.40). Post-treatment, the mean was 1.29 (p < 0.05, 95 % CI: 96 to 1.63). In the category of work, the mean change in score after treatment was 0.62. Pre-treatment, the mean was 2.08 (p < 0.05, 95 % CI: 1.73 to 2.42). Post-treatment, the mean was 1.46 (p < 0.05, 95 % CI: 1.18 to 1.74). The authors concluded that the findings of this analysis suggested that the treatment was effective at ameliorating pain in women with CPPS. It showed promise in improving overall pelvic function in women with CPPS, specifically in the categories of intercourse and working. These researchers stated that drawbacks of this study included a short follow-up duration and a lack of a control group. Furthermore, the retrospective nature of this study was limiting; but sets the stage for a prospective trial in the future.
Furthermore, Ainsworth Institute of Pain Management’s webpage on “Bogus Treatments for Pelvic Pain” (Hunter, 2021) states that “Hydrodissection: this is one of the worst scams out there. This is not a treatment. “Hydrodissection” is nothing more than the name given to what is seen when one injects a liquid under ultrasound and the tissue temporarily spreads apart due to the presence of the liquid: it gives the appearance of the tissue “dissecting apart” into different tissue planes. This is only visible for a few minutes until the body draws the liquid. There is zero data on this “technique”. Not only that, there is no coding for it with the American Medical Association (AMA) because they do not even consider this to be a real treatment thus it is not recognized”.
References
The above policy is based on the following references:
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- Armstrong GL, Vancaillie TG. Combined site-specific sacral neuromodulation and pudendal nerve release surgery in a patient with interstitial cystitis and persistent arousal. BMJ Case Rep. 2016 Jun 9;2016.
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- Mustafa A, Brooks B, Leishear K,et al. A novel treatment approach for women with chronic pelvic pain syndrome leading to increased pelvic functionality. J Womens Health Gyn. 2020;7:1-10.
- Plavnik K, Tenaglia A, Hill C, et al. A novel, non-opioid treatment for chronic pelvic pain in women with previously treated endometriosis utilizing pelvic-Floor musculature trigger-point injections and peripheral nerve hydrodissection. PM R. 2020;12(7):655-662.
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- Robert R, Labat JJ, Bensignor M, et al. Decompression and transposition of the pudendal nerve in pudendal neuralgia: A randomized controlled trial and long-term evaluation. Eur Urol. 2005;47(3): 403-408.
- Shafik A. Pudendal canal syndrome as a cause of vulvodynia and its treatment by pudendal nerve decompression. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1998;80(2): 215-220.
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- Tubbs RS, Miller J, Loukas M, et al. Surgical and anatomical landmarks for the perineal branch of the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve: Implications in perineal pain syndromes. Laboratory investigation. J Neurosurg. 2009;111(2):332-335.
