Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis: Targeted Immune Modulators

Number: 0658

Brand Selection for Medically Necessary Indications

Note: For plaque psoriasis, this policy applies to all members requesting treatment with a targeted immune modulator. For Avsola, Remicade, and Renflexis, this policy applies to all members requesting treatment with the targeted infliximab product. For all other indications, this policy applies to members who are new to treatment with a targeted immune modulator for the first time.

Moderate to Severe Plaque Psoriasis

As defined in Aetna commercial policies, health care services are not medically necessary when they are more costly than alternative services that are at least as likely to produce equivalent therapeutic or diagnostic results. Avsola (infliximab-axxq), Remicade (infliximab), and Renflexis (infliximab-abda) are more costly to Aetna than other targeted immune modulator for moderate to severe plaque psoriasis. There is a lack of reliable evidence that Avsola (infliximab-axxq), Remicade (infliximab), and Renflexis (infliximab-abda) are superior to the lower cost targeted immune modulator, Inflectra (infliximab-dyyb), for moderate to severe plaque psoriasis. Therefore, Aetna considers Avsola (infliximab-axxq), Remicade (infliximab), and Renflexis (infliximab-abda) to be medically necessary only for members who have a contraindication, intolerance or ineffective response to the available equivalent alternative targeted immune modulator, Inflectra (infliximab-dyyb).

Active Psoriatic Arthritis (PsA)

As defined in Aetna commercial policies, health care services are not medically necessary when they are more costly than alternative services that are at least as likely to produce equivalent therapeutic or diagnostic results. Avsola (infliximab-axxq), Orencia IV (abatacept), Remicade (infliximab), and Renflexis (infliximab-abda) are more costly to Aetna than other targeted immune modulators for active psoriatic arthritis. There is a lack of reliable evidence that Avsola (infliximab-axxq), Orencia IV (abatacept), Remicade (infliximab), and Renflexis (infliximab-abda) are superior to the lower cost targeted immune modulators: Inflectra (infliximab-dyyb) and Simponi Aria for active psoriatic arthritis. Therefore, Aetna considers Avsola (infliximab-axxq), Orencia IV (abatacept), Remicade (infliximab), and Renflexis (infliximab-abda) to be medically necessary only for members who have a contraindication, intolerance or ineffective response to the to all of the available equivalent alternative targeted immune modulators (one-month trial each): Inflectra (infliximab-dyyb) and Simponi Aria.

Policy

Note: Requires Precertification:

Commercial plans: For all Aetna participating providers and members in applicable plan designs, precertification is required of the following targeted immune modulators: Avsola (infliximab-axxq), Remicade (infliximab), Renflexis (infliximab-abda) for plaque psoriasis, and Avsola (infliximab-axxq), Orencia IV (abatacept), Remicade (infliximab), Renflexis (infliximab-abda) for psoriatic arthritis. For precertification of these medications, call (866) 752-7021 (commercial), or fax (888) 267-3277.

Medicare Part B plans: For participating providers and members in applicable Medicare Part B plan designs, precertification is required of targeted immune modulators for plaque psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. For precertification of these medications, call (866) 503-0857, or fax (844) 268-7263.

Note: Site of Care Utilization Management Policy applies. For information on site of service for infliximab products (Avsola, Inflectra, Remicade, and Renflexis), see Utilization Management Policy on Site of Care for Specialty Drug Infusions.

Criteria for Initial Approval
1. Moderate to severe plaque psoriasis (PsO)
  
  Aetna considers targeted immune modulators adalimumab (Humira), certolizumab (Cimzia), etanercept (Enbrel), guselkumab (Tremfya) infliximab (Remicade, Avsola, Inflectra, Renflexis), risankizumab-rzaa (Skyrizi), secukinumab (Cosentyx), tildrakizumab-asmn (Ilumya), or ustekinumab (Stelara) medically necessary for the treatment of moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis who meet the following:
  1. For members who have previously received apremilast (Otezla) or a biologic indicated for the treatment of moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis; or
  2. For treatment of moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis when any of the following criteria is met:
    1. Crucial body areas (e.g., hands, feet, face, neck, scalp, genitals/groin, intertriginous areas) are affected; or
    2. At least 10% of the body surface area (BSA) is affected; or
    3. At least 3% of the BSA is affected and the member meets any of the following criteria:
      1. Member has had an inadequate response or intolerance to either phototherapy (e.g., UVB, PUVA) or pharmacologic treatment with methotrexate, cyclosporine, or acitretin; or
      2. Member has a clinical reason to avoid pharmacologic treatment with methotrexate, cyclosporine, and acitretin (see Appendix).
2. Active psoriatic arthritis (PsA)
  
  Aetna considers targeted immune modulators abatacept (Orencia), adalimumab (Humira), certolizumab (Cimzia), etanercept (Enbrel), guselkumab (Tremfya), infliximab (Remicade, Avsola, Inflectra, Renflexis), golimumab (Simponi and Simponi Aria), risankizumab-rzaa (Skyrizi), secukinumab (Cosentyx), and ustekinumab (Stelara) medically necessary for the treatment of active psoriatic arthritis (PsA).
Aetna considers all other indications as experimental and investigational (for additional information, see Experimental and Investigational or Not Medically Necessary, and Background sections).
Continuation of Therapy

Aetna considers continuation of the requested targeted immune modulator medically necessary for the following indications:
1. Moderate to severe plaque psoriasis (PsO) - for all members (including new members) who are using the requested medication for moderate to severe plaque psoriais and who achieve or maintain positive clinical response as evidenced by low disease activity or improvement in signs and symptoms of the condition when either of the following is met:
  1. Reduction in body surface area (BSA) affected from baseline; or
  2. Improvement in signs and symptoms from baseline (e.g., itching, redness, flaking, scaling, burning, cracking, pain);
2. Active psoriatic arthritis (PsA) - for all members (including new members) who are using the requested medication for active psoriatic arthritis and who achieve or maintain positive clinical response as evidenced by low disease activity or improvement in signs and symptoms of the condition when there is improvement in any of the following from baseline:
  1. Number of swollen joints; or
  2. Number of tender joints; or
  3. Dactylitis; or
  4. Enthesitis; or
  5. Skin and/or nail involvement.
Other

For all indications: Member has a documented negative TB test (which can include a tuberculosis skin test (PPD), an interferon-release assay (IGRA), or a chest x-ray)Footnote1* within 6 months of initiating therapy for persons who are naïve to biologic DMARDs or targeted synthetic DMARDs associated with an increased risk of TB.

Notes:

Footnote1* If the screening test for TB is positive, there must be further testing to confirm there is no active disease. Do not administer the requested medication to members with active TB infection. If there is latent disease, TB treatment must be started before initiation of the requested medication.
Related Policies

Note: See Pharmacy Clinical Policy Bulletins (CPBs) for apremilast (Otezla), brodulumab (Siliq), Ixekizumab (Taltz), and tofacitinib (Xeljanz and Xeljanz XR).

Note: For information on skin-surface collection of mRNA using an adhesive patch (i.e., Mind.Px) for identification of psoriasis biomarkers, see CPB 0188 - Total Body Photography, Dermoscopy and Other Selected Noninvasive Dermatologic Tests.

See also:

Dosage and Administration

Note: Approvals may be subject to dosing limits in accordance with FDA-approved labeling, accepted compendia, and/or evidence-based practice guidelines. Below includes dosing recommendations as per the FDA-approved prescribing information.

Abatacept (Orencia) (BMS, 2020)

Available as:

Intravenous infusion:

For Injection: 250 mg lyophilized powder in a single-dose vial for reconstitution and dilution prior to intravenous infusion
Subcutaneous injection:
- Injection: 50 mg/0.4 mL, 87.5 mg/0.7 mL, 125 mg/mL solution in single-dose prefilled syringes for subcutaneous use
- Injection: 125 mg/mL solution in a single-dose prefilled ClickJect™ autoinjector for subcutaneous use
Psoriatic Arthritis (PsA): For adults with psoriatic arthritis, Orencia may be administered as an intravenous infusion (IV) or a subcutaneous (SC) injection. Orencia can be used with or without non-biologic DMARDs.
- Intravenous regimen: weight-based dosing should be administered as a 30-minutes IV infusion. Following the initial IV administration, an IV infusion should be given at 2 and 4 weeks after the first infusion and every 4 weeks thereafter.
  - Body weight less than 60 kg, dose is 500 mg (2 vials)
  - Body weight 60 to 100 kg, dose is 750 mg (3 vials)
  - Body weight more than 100 kg, dose is 1000 mg (4 vials)
- Subcutaneous regimen: 125 mg once weekly without the need for an IV loading dose. Persons switching from Orencia IV therapy to SC administration should administer the first SC dose instead of the next scheduled IV dose.

Adalimumab (Humira) (AbbVie, 2021)

Available as a subcutaneous injection
- Injection: 80 mg/0.8 mL, 40 mg/0.8 mL, and 40 mg/0.4 mL in a single‐use prefilled pen (Humira Pen)
- Injection: 80 mg/0.8 mL in a single-use prefilled glass syringe
- Injection: 40 mg/0.8 mL and 40 mg/0.4 mL in a single‐use prefilled glass syringe
- Injection: 20 mg/0.4 mL and 20 mg/0.2 mL in a single‐use prefilled glass syringe
- Injection: 10 mg/0.2 mL and 10 mg/0.1 mL in a single‐use prefilled glass syringe
- Injection: 40 mg/0.8 mL in a single‐use glass vial for institutional use only; administered by a heatlhcare professional
Psoriatic Arthritis (PsA): The recommended dose of Humira for adults with PsA is 40 mg administered every other week. Methotrexate (MTX), other non-biologic DMARDS, glucocorticoids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and/or analgesics may be continued during treatment with Humira.
Plaque Psoriasis: The recommended dose of Humira for adults with plaque psoriasis is an initial dose of 80 mg, followed by 40 mg given every other week starting one week after the initial dose. The use of Humira in moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis beyond one year has not been evaluated in controlled clinical studies.

Certolizumab (Cimzia) (UCB, 2019)

Available as 200 mg lyophylized powder for reconstitution in a single‐use vial for healthcare professional use only, and 200 mg/mL in a single‐use prefilled glass syringe for subcutaneous administration.
Plaque Psoriasis: The recommended dose of Cimzia for adults with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis who are candidates for systemic therapy or phototherapy is 400 mg (given as two subcutaneous injections of 200 mg each) every other week. For some persons (with body weight less than or equal to 90 kg), a dose of 400 mg (given as two subcutaneous injections of 200 mg each) initially and at Weeks 2 and 4, followed by 200 mg every other week may be considered.
Psoriatic Arthritis: The recommended dose of Cimzia for adults with psoriatic arthritis is 400 mg (given as two subcutaneous injections of 200 mg) initially and at Weeks 2 and 4, followed by 200 mg every other week. For maintenance dosing, Cimzia 400 mg every 4 weeks can be considered.

Etanercept (Enbrel) (Amgen, 2020)

Available as subcutaneous injection
- Injection: 25 mg/0.5 mL and 50 mg/mL solution in a single-dose prefilled syringe
- Injection: 50 mg/mL solution in single-dose prefilled SureClick Autoinjector
- Injection: 25 mg lyophilized powder in a multiple-dose vial for reconstitution
- Injection: 50 mg/mL solution in Enbrel Mini® single-dose prefilled cartridge for use with the AutoTouch® reusable autoinjector only
Enbrel is intended for use under the guidance and supervision of a physician. Persons may self-inject when deemed appropriate and if they receive medical follow-up, as necessary. Persons should not self-administer until they receive proper training in how to prepare and administer the correct dose.
Plaque Psoriasis in persons 4 years or older:
- Adults: 50 mg twice weekly for 3 months, followed by 50 mg once weekly
- Pediatric: 0.8 mg/kg weekly, with a maximum of 50 mg per week
Psoriatic Arthritis: 50 mg once weekly with or without methotrexate (MTX)

Golimumab (Simponi and Simponi Aria) (Janssen Biotech, 2019, 2021)

Golimumab is available as a subcutaneous injection (Simponi) and as an intravenous infusion (Simponi Aria).

Simponi subcutaneous (SC) injection:
- 50 mg/0.5 mL in a single-dose prefilled syringe or single-dose prefilled SmartJect autoinjector
- 100 mg/mL in a single-dose prefilled syringe or single-dose prefilled SmartJect autoinjector
Simponi is intended for use under the guidance and supervision of a healthcare provider. After proper training in subcutaneous injection technique, a person may self-inject if a physician determines that it is appropriate.
Psoriatic Arthritis: The Simponi dose regimen is 50 mg administered by SC injection once a month. Simponi may be given with or without methotrexate or other nonbiologic Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs (DMARDs). Corticosteroids, non-biologic DMARDs, and/or NSAIDs may be continued during treatment with Simponi.
Simponi Aria intravenous (IV) infusion:
- Injection: 50 mg/4 mL (12.5 mg/mL) solution in a single-dose vial
Psoriatic Arthritis: The Simponi Aria dose regimen is 2 mg / kg given as an IV infusion over 30 minutes at weeks 0 and 4, then every 8 weeks thereafter.
The efficacy and safety of switching between IV and SC formulations and routes of administration have not been established.

Guselkumab (Tremfya) (Janssen Biotech, 2020)

Available as subcutaneous injection: 100 mg/mL in a single-dose prefilled syringe or single-dose One-Press person-controlled injector
Tremfya is intended for use under the guidance and supervision of a physician. Tremfya may be administered by a health care professional, or a person may self-inject after proper training in subcutaneous injection technique.
Plaque Psoriasis: The recommended dose is 100 mg at Week 0, Week 4, and every 8 weeks thereafter.
Active psoriatic arthritis: The recommended dose is 100 mg at Week 0, Week 4, and every 8 weeks thereafter. May be administered alone or in combination with a conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (cDMARD) (e.g., methotrexate).

Infliximab (Avsola, Remicade, Renflexis, Inflectra) (Amgen, 2019; Janssen Biotech, 2018; Merck, 2019; Pfizer, 2019)

Infliximab products (Avsola, Remicade, Renflexis, and Inflectra) are available for injection using 100 mg of lyophilized infliximab, or its biosimilar, in a 20 mL vial for intravenous infusion.
Plaque Psoriasis: Induction: 5 mg/kg at weeks 0, 2, and 6; and maintenance: 5 mg/kg IV every 8 weeks
Psoriasis Arthritis: Induction: 5 mg/kg at weeks 0, 2, and 6; and maintenance: 5 mg/kg IV every 8 weeks

Risankizumab-rzaa (Skyrizi) (AbbVie, 2022)

Available as subcutaneous injection:
- 75 mg/0.83 mL in a single-dose prefilled syringe
- 150 mg/mL in each single-dose prefilled pen
- 150 mg/mL in each single-dose prefilled syringe
Skyrizi is intended for use under the guidance and supervision of a healthcare professional. Persons may self-inject after training in subcutaneous injection technique.
Plaque Psoriasis: The recommended dose is 150 mg (two 75 mg injections) administered by subcutaneous injection at Week 0, Week 4, and every 12 weeks thereafter.
Psoriatic Arthritis: The recommended dosage is 150 mg administered by subcutaneous injection at Week 0, Week 4, and every 12 weeks thereafter.

Secukinumab (Cosentyx) (Novartis, 2021)

Available as subcutaneous injection:
- Injection: 75 mg/0.5 mL solution in a single-dose prefilled syringe (for pediatrics)
- Injection: 150 mg/mL solution in a single-use Sensoready pen
- Injection: 150 mg/mL solution in a single-use prefilled syringe
- For Injection: 150 mg, lyophilized powder in a single-use vial for reconstitution for healthcare professional use only
Plaque Psoriasis (PsO):
- Adults: The recommended dose is 300 mg by subcutaneous injection at Weeks 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 followed by 300 mg every 4 weeks. Each 300 mg dosage is given as 2 subcutaneous injections of 150 mg. For some individuals, a dosage of 150 mg may be acceptable.
- Pediatrics: The recommended dosage for pediatrics 6 years of age and older who are less than 50 kg, the dose is 75 mg, and for those greater than or equal to 50 kg, the dose is 150 mg administered by subcutaneous injection at Weeks 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 followed by dosing every 4 weeks.
Psoriatic Arthritis (PsA):
- For persons with PsA and coexistent moderate to severe plaque psoriasis (PsO), use the dosing and administration recommendations for PsO
- For other individuals with PsA, administer Cosentyx with or without a loading dosage by subcutaneous injection. The recommended dosage:
  - With a loading dosage is 150 mg at weeks 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 and every 4 weeks thereafter
  - Without a loading dosage is 150 mg every 4 weeks
  - If a person continues to have active psoriatic arthritis, consider a dosage of 300 mg every 4 weeks.
Cosentyx may be administered with or without methotrexate.

Tildrakizumab-asmn (Ilumya) (Sun Pharma, 2020)

Available as subcutaneous injection: 100 mg/mL solution in a single-dose prefilled syringe. Each syringe contains 1 mL of 100 mg/mL tildrakizumab-asmn.
Ilumya should only be administered by a healthcare provider
Plaque Psoriasis: The recommended dose is 100 mg at Weeks 0, 4, and every twelve weeks thereafter.

Ustekinumab (Stelara) (Janssen Biotech, 2022)

Available as:
- Subcutaneous (SC) Injection
  - Injection: 45 mg/0.5 mL or 90 mg/mL in a single-dose prefilled syringe
  - Injection: 45 mg/0.5 mL in a single-dose vial
- Intravenous (IV) Infusion (For Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis)
  
  Injection: 130 mg/26 mL (5 mg/mL) solution in a single-dose vial
Stelara is intended for use under the guidance and supervision of a physician. In pediatric persons, it is recommended that Stelara be administered by a healthcare provider. If a physician determines that it is appropriate, a person may self-inject or a caregiver may inject Stelara after proper training in subcutaneous injection technique.
Plaque Psoriasis:
- Adult dosing:
  - Weight less than or equal to 100 kg, the recommended dose is 45 mg administered SC initially and 4 weeks later, followed by 45 mg SC every 12 weeks
  - Weight greater than 100 kg, the recommended dose is 90 mg administered SC initially and 4 week later, followed by 90 mg SC every 12 weeks
- Pediatrics (6 to 17 years old):
  
  Weight based dosing is recommended at the initial dose administered SC, 4 weeks later, then every 12 weeks thereafter
  - less than 60 kg, administer 0.75 mg/kg
  - 60 kg to 100 kg, administer 45 mg
  - greater than 100 kg, administer 90 mg
Psoriatic Arthritis:
- Adult dosing:
  - The recommended dosage is 45 mg administered SC initially and 4 weeks later, followed by 45 mg SC every 12 weeks.
  - For persons with co-existent moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis weighing greater than 100 kg, the recommended dosage is 90 mg administered SC initially and 4 weeks later, followed by 90 mg administered SC every 12 weeks.
- Pediatrics (6 to 17 years old):
  
  Weight-based dosing is recommended at the initial dose administered SC, 4 weeks later, then every 12 weeks thereafter
  - less than 60 kg, administer 0.75 mg/kg
  - 60 kg or more, administer 45 mg
  - greater than 100 kg with co-existent moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis, administer 90 mg.

Experimental and Investigational or Not Medically Necessary

Aetna considers the use of targeted immune modulators in combination with other targeted immune modulators for plaque psoriasis (e.g., adalimumab (Humira), certolizumab (Cimzia), etanercept (Enbrel), guselkumab (Tremfya) infliximab (Remicade, Avsola, Inflectra, Renflexis), risankizumab-rzaa (Skyrizi), secukinumab (Cosentyx), tildrakizumab-asmn (Ilumya), and ustekinumab (Stelara)) experimental and investigational because of insufficient evidence of effectiveness.

Aetna considers combination use of two or more targeted immune modulators for psoriatic arthritis experimental and investigational because of insufficient evidence of effectiveness.

Background

Psoriasis is a common chronic skin disease characterized by cutaneous inflammation and epidermal hyperproliferation. Lesions appear on any part of the skin, but particularly the scalp, sacral area, and over the extensor aspect of the knees and elbows.

Ultraviolet light in conjunction with systemic psoralens (PUVA) is the phototherapy treatment of first choice for psoriasis other than localized psoriasis. PUVA is a form of photochemotherapy that combines the use of a psoralens (e.g., methoxsalen) with ultraviolet A phototherapy in the range of 320 to 400 nm. PUVA is highly effective in the treatment of psoriasis with resolution of skin lesions in over 85 % of patients after 20 to 30 treatments combining drug use and ultraviolet A irradiation. UVB may be given alone or in combination with tar or dithranol.

Other systemic treatments for psoriasis include methotrexate or cyclosporine. Both are contraindicated in pregnancy and require close monitoring.

Sbidian et al (2017) stated psoriasis is an immune-mediated disease for which some people have a genetic predisposition. The condition manifests in inflammatory effects on either the skin or joints, or both, and it has a major impact on quality of life. Although there is currently no cure for psoriasis, various treatment strategies allow sustained control of disease signs and symptoms. There have been several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the efficacy of different systemic treatments; however, due to lack of head-to-head comparison, the benefit of these treatments remains unclear. Sbidian and colleagues conducted a network meta-analysis to compare the efficacy and safety of conventional systemic agents (acitretin, ciclosporin, fumaric acid esters, methotrexate), small molecules (apremilast, tofacitinib, ponesimod), anti-TNF alpha (etanercept, infliximab, adalimumab, certolizumab), anti-IL12/23 (ustekinumab), anti-IL17 (secukinumab, ixekizumab, brodalumab), anti-IL23 (guselkumab, tildrakizumab), and other biologics (alefacept, itolizumab) for patients with moderate to severe psoriasis and ranked the treatments according to their efficacy and safety. The authors conducted a search of multiple databases which included CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, and LILACS. An additional search of trial registers and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA) reports were used, to name a few. The selection criteria included RCTs of systemic and biological treatments in adults with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis or psoriatic arthritis at any stage of treatment, in comparison to placebo or another active agent. The data was ranked according to their effectiveness (as measured by the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index score (PASI) 90) and acceptability (the inverse of serious adverse effects). The authors included 109 studies, of which 39,882 participants were randomized. The authors found that most of the studies were placebo controlled (67%), 23% were head-to-head, and 10% were multi-armed with both an active comparator and placebo. In all, 86 trials were multicentric trials. All of the trials were limited to the induction phase (assessment at less than 24 weeks after randomization). All trials included in the network meta-analysis were measured between 12 and 16 weeks after randomization. The authors assessed the majority of studies (48/109) as being at high risk of bias; 38 were assessed as at an unclear risk, and 23, low risk. Network meta-analysis showed that all of the interventions (conventional systemic agents, small molecules, and biological treatments) were significantly more effective than placebo in terms of reaching psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) 90; however, the biologic treatments anti-IL17, anti-IL12/23, anti-IL23, and anti-TNF alpha were significantly more effective than the small molecules and the conventional systemic agents. Small molecules were associated with a higher chance of reaching PASI 90 compared to conventional systemic agents. At drug level, in terms of reaching PASI 90, all of the anti-IL17 agents and guselkumab (an anti-IL23 drug) were significantly more effective than the anti-TNF alpha agents infliximab, adalimumab, and etanercept, but not certolizumab. Ustekinumab was superior to etanercept. No clear difference was shown between infliximab, adalimumab, and etanercept. Only one trial assessed the efficacy of infliximab in this network; thus, these results have to be interpreted with caution. Tofacitinib was significantly superior to methotrexate, and no clear difference was shown between any of the other small molecules versus conventional treatments. Network meta-analysis also showed that ixekizumab, secukinumab, brodalumab, guselkumab, certolizumab, and ustekinumab outperformed other drugs when compared to placebo in terms of reaching PASI 90: the most effective drug was ixekizumab, followed by secukinumab, brodalumab, guselkumab, certolizumab, and ustekinumab. The authors found no significant difference between all of the interventions and the placebo regarding the risk of serious adverse effects (SAEs): the relative ranking strongly suggested that methotrexate was associated with the best safety profile regarding all of the SAEs, followed by ciclosporin, certolizumab, infliximab, alefacept, and fumaric acid esters. Considering both efficacy (PASI 90 outcome) and acceptability (SAEs outcome), highly effective treatments also had more SAEs compared to the other treatments, and ustekinumab, infliximab, and certolizumab appeared to have the better trade-off between efficacy and acceptability. Regarding the other efficacy outcomes, PASI 75 and Physician Global Assessment (PGA) 0/1, the results were very similar to the results for PASI 90. Information on quality of life was often poorly reported and was absent for a third of the interventions. The authors concluded that compared to placebo, the biologics ixekizumab, secukinumab, brodalumab, guselkumab, certolizumab, and ustekinumab are the best choices for achieving PASI 90 in people with moderate to severe psoriasis on the basis of moderate- to high-certainty evidence. At class level, the biologic treatments anti-IL17, anti-IL12/23, anti-IL23, and anti-TNF alpha were significantly more effective than the small molecules and the conventional systemic agents. Study limitations include induction therapy outcomes were measured between 12 to 16 weeks after randomization and is not sufficiently relevant for a chronic disease, low numbers of studies were found for some of the interventions, and younger ages and high level of disease severity (PASI 20 at baseline) may not be typical of patients seen in daily clinical practice. The authors note that short-term trials provide scanty and sometimes poorly reported safety data and thus do not provide useful evidence to create a reliable risk profile of treatments. For this study, the authors found no significant difference in the assessed interventions and placebo in terms of SAEs, with methotrexate appearing to have the best safety profile. The authors state that long-term information on the safety of the treatments should also be evaluated in non-randomized studies and post-marketing reports released from regulatory agencies. The authors suggest that future research include randomized trials comparing directly active agents once high-quality evidence of benefit against placebo is established, including head-to-head trials amongst and between conventional systemic and small molecules, and between biological agents. In addition, trials should include systematic subgroup analyses (e.g. assessing biological-naïve patients, baseline psoriasis severity, presence of psoriatic arthritis, etc.). Finally, in future psoriasis trials, researchers should look at the medium- and long-term benefit and safety of the interventions, as well as the comparative safety of different agents.

The NICE guidance for the assessment and management of Psoriasis (2017) stated that topical therapy was first-line treatment, followed by second- or third-line treatment options (phototherapy or systemic therapy) which could be added on when topical therapy alone is unlikely to adequately control psoriasis, such as for extensive disease (e.g. more than 10% of body surface area affected), or at least 'moderate' on the static Physician's Global Assessment, or where topical therapy is ineffective, such as nail disease).

Psoriasis guidelines from the Academy of Dermatology (2011) stated that for mild disease, topical therapies are the mainstay as either monotherapy or in combination. For moderate to severe disease, topical therapies are commonly used in conjunction with phototherapy, traditional systemic agents, or biologic agents. Phototherapy, photochemotherapy, and traditional systemic agents are generally used for individuals with moderate or severe disease and in situations in which topical therapy is ineffective or otherwise contraindicated.

Guidelines on psoriasis from the British Association of Dermatologists (2017) state biologic therapy should be offered to people with psoriasis who require systemic therapy if:

methotrexate and ciclosporin have failed, are not tolerated or are contraindicated (see NICE guidelines CG153) and
the psoriasis has a large impact on physical, psychological or social functioning (e.g. Dermatology Life Quality Index [DLQI] or Children’s DLQI > 10 or clinically relevant depressive or anxiety symptoms) and

one or more of the following disease severity criteria apply:

the psoriasis is extensive (defined as body surface area [BSA] > 10% or Psoriasis Area and Severity Index [PASI] ≥ 10)
the psoriasis is severe at localized sites and associated with significant functional impairment and/or high levels of distress (e.g. nail disease or involvement of high-impact and difficult-to-treat sites such as the face, scalp, palms, soles, flexures and genitals).

Consider biologic therapy earlier in the treatment pathway in people with psoriasis who fulfill the disease severity criteria and who also have active psoriatic arthritis or who have psoriasis that is persistent, i.e. that relapses rapidly (defined as >50% baseline disease severity within 3 months of completion of any treatment) off a therapy that cannot be continued in the long-term (e.g. narrowband ultraviolet B).

Abatacept

U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-Approved Indications

Moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis in adults
Moderately to severely active polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis in patients 2 years of age or older
Active psoriatic arthritis in adults

Compendial Uses

Oligoarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Chronic graft versus host disease
Immune checkpoint inhibitor-related toxicity

Abatacept is available as Orencia (Bristol-Myers Squibb). Abatacept is a selective costimulation modulator which inhibits T cell (T lymphocyte) activation by binding to CD80 and CD86, thereby blocking interaction with CD28. This interaction provides a costimulatory signal necessary for full activation of T lymphocytes. Activated T lymphocytes are implicated in the pathogenesis of psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and are found in the synovium of patients with PsA. In vitro, abatacept decreases T cell proliferation and inhibits the production of the cytokines TNF alpha (TNFα), interferon-γ, and interleukin-2. In a rat collagen-induced arthritis model, abatacept suppresses inflammation, decreases anti-collagen antibody production, and reduces antigen specific production of interferon-γ. The relationship of these biological response markers to the mechanisms by which Orencia exerts its clinical effects is unknown (BMS, 2017).

In July 2017, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Orencia (abatacept) for the treatment of adults with active psoriatic arthritis (PsA). PsA is a chronic, inflammatory disease that can affect the skin and musculoskeletal system, which can cause joint pain, stiffness and reduced range of motion.

FDA approval of Orencia for active PsA was based on the results from two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies (Studies PsA-I and PsA-II) in 594 adult patients with disease duration more than seven years. Patients had active PsA (≥ 3 swollen joints and ≥ 3 tender joints) despite prior treatment with DMARD therapy and had one qualifying psoriatic skin lesion of at least 2 cm in diameter. In PsA-I and PsA-II, 37% and 61% of patients, respectively, were treated with TNF inhibitors (TNFi) previously. A higher proportion of patients treated with Orencia 10 mg/kg IV or 125 mg SC achieved an ACR20 response at week 24 compared to placebo, 47.5% versus 19.0% and 39.4% versus 22.3% (p< 0.05), respectively. Responses were seen regardless of prior anti-TNFi treatment and regardless of concomitant non-biologic DMARD treatment. Improvements in enthesitis and dactylitis were seen with Orencia treatment at week 24 in both IV and SC (BMS, 2017).

For the adult patient, Orencia (abatacept) may be administered as an IV infusion or a subcutaneous (SC) injection, with or without non-biologic DMARDs. The safety and efficacy of Orencia ClickJect autoinjector for subcutaneous injection have not been studied in patients under 18 years of age.

Concurrent therapy with Orencia and a TNF antagonist (such as adalimumab, etanercept, and infliximab) is not recommended because such combination therapy may increase risk for infections. In controlled clinical trials, adult RA patients receiving concomitant intravenous Orencia and TNF antagonist therapy experienced more infections (63%) and serious infections (4.4%) compared to patients treated with only TNF antagonists (43% and 0.8%, respectively), without an important enhancement of efficacy. Furthermore, it is not recommended that patients receive Orencia concomitantly with other biologic RA therapy, such as anakinra, because there is not enough informaton to assess the safety and efficacy of such comination therapy (BMS, 2017).

Maltose is present in Orencia for intravenous (IV) administration, which can result in falsely elevated blood glucose reading on the day of the infusion. When receiving Orencia through IV administration, patients that require blood glucose monitoring should be advised to consider methods that do not react with maltose, such as those based on glucose dehydrogenase nicotine adenine dinucleotide (GDH-NAD), glucose oxidase, or glucose hexokinase test methods.

Orencia for subcutaneous administration does not contain maltose; therefore, patients do not need to alter their glucose monitoring.

Common side effects of Orencia include: headache, upper respiratory infection, sore throat, and nausea (not an all-inclusive list).

Adalimumab

U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-Approved Indications

Reducing signs and symptoms, inducing major clinical response, inhibiting the progression of structural damage, and improving physical function in adult patients with moderately to severely active RA
Reducing signs and symptoms of moderately to severely active polyarticular JIA in patients 2 years of age and older
Reducing signs and symptoms, inhibiting the progression of structural damage, and improving physical function in adult patients with active PsA
Reducing signs and symptoms in adult patients with active AS
Reducing signs and symptoms and inducing and maintaining clinical remission in adult patients with moderately to severely active Crohn‟s disease who have had an inadequate response to conventional therapy; reducing signs and symptoms and inducing clinical remission in these patients if they have also lost response to or are intolerant to infliximab
Reducing signs and symptoms and inducing and maintaining clinical remission in pediatric patients 6 years of age and older with moderately to severely active Crohn’s disease who have had an inadequate response to corticosteroids or immunomodulators such as azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP), or methotrexate
Inducing and sustaining clinical remission in adult patients with moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis who have had an inadequate response to immunosuppressants such as corticosteroids, azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP)
The treatment of adult patients with moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis who are candidates for systemic therapy or phototherapy, and when other systemic therapies are medically less appropriate
The treatment of moderate to severe hidradenitis suppurativa in patients 12 years of age and older
The treatment of non-infectious intermediate, posterior, and panuveitis in adults and pediatric patients 2 years of age and older

Compendial Uses

Axial spondyloarthritis
Behcet's disease
Pyoderma gangrenosum
Oligoarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis

Adalimumab is available as Humira (AbbVie). Adalimumab has been approved by the FDA for the treatment for adults with moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis who are candidates for systemic therapy or phototherapy, and when other systemic therapies are medically less appropriate. According to the FDA-approved labeling, adalimumab should only be administered to patients who will be closely monitored and have regular follow-up visits with a physician. Chronic plaque psoriasis is an autoimmune disease characterized by inflammed, scaly skin lesions known as plaques, which may crack and bleed. While psoriasis can occur in people of all ages, it typically appears in patients between the ages of 15 and 35 years. Approximately 25 % of persons with chronic plaque psoriasis exhibit moderate to severe disease. Up to 30 % of psoriasis patients develop psoriatic arthritis. Treatment may include topical agents, phototherapy or oral or injectable medications.

The FDA approval of adalimumab for chronic plaque psoriasis was based on 2 pivotal trials, REVEAL and CHAMPION, showing that approximately 3 out of 4 patients achieved 75 % clearance or better at week 16 of treatment versus placebo. Both studies evaluated the efficacy and safety of Humira in clearing skin in moderate to severe adult plaque psoriasis patients versus placebo. In addition, CHAMPION compared a biologic medication to methotrexate, a standard systemic treatment for psoriasis. In each trial, reduction in disease activity was determined by the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) and Physician's Global Assessment (PGA). In REVEAL, a 52-week trial, the short-term and sustained clinical efficacy and safety of adalimumab were evaluated in 1,212 patients with moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis. Patients experienced a significant reduction in the signs and symptoms of their disease at 16 weeks when treated with adalimumab. Specifically, 71 % of patients receiving adalimumab achieved PASI 75 compared to 7 % of patients receiving placebo at week 16. At week 16, 62 % of adalimumab-treated patients achieved a PGA score of clear or minimal compared to 4 % of placebo-treated patients. In CHAMPION, a 16-week study evaluating 271 psoriasis patients, adalimumab-treated patients experienced a significant reduction in the signs and symptoms of their disease compared with methotrexate or placebo-treated patients. Seventy-eight percent of patients treated with adalimumab (n = 99) achieved a PASI 75 response, compared to 19 % of patients treated with placebo (n = 48). Seventy-one percent of patients treated with adalimumab achieved a PGA score of clear or minimal at 16 weeks of treatment, compared with 10 % of placebo-treated patients. The safety profile of adalimumab in the plaque psoriasis clinical trials was reported to be similar to that seen in adalimumab clinical trials for rheumatoid arthritis. The most commonly reported adverse events in adalimumab psoriasis trials were upper respiratory tract infection, nasopharyngitis (inflammation of the nose and pharynx), headache, sinusitis and arthralgia. In clinical studies of plaque psoriasis, patients are treated with an initial 80 mg dose of adalimumab (2 40-mg injections) followed by 1 adalimumab injection (40 mg) 1 week later. After that, a maintenance dose of 40 mg was administered every other week.

Certolizumab

U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-Approved Indications

Reducing signs and symptoms of Crohn’s disease and maintaining clinical response in adult patients with moderately to severely active disease who have had an inadequate response to conventional therapy
Treatment of adults with moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis
Treatment of adult patients with active psoriatic arthritis
Treatment of adults with active ankylosing spondylitis
Treatment of adults with active non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis with objective signs of inflammation
Treatment of adults with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis who are candidates for systemic therapy or phototherapy

On May 29, 2018, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the biologic Cimzia (certolizumab pegol) for the treatment of adults with psoriasis who are eligible for systemic therapy or phototherapy. Certolizumab is already approved in moderately to severely active Crohn’s disease, moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis, active psoriatic arthritis, and active ankylosing spondylitis. Certolizumab is a recombinant, humanized antibody Fab' fragment that binds to and blocks human TNFα, a key pro-inflammatory cytokine with a central role in inflammatory processes. A potential advantage of certolizumab pegol is minimal transfer across the placenta; unlike other anti-TNF biologics, certolizumab pegol does not bind the neonatal Fc receptor because it does not contain a fragment crystallizable (Fc) region, which is normally present in a complete antibody, and therefore does not fix complement or cause antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity in vitro. It does not induce apoptosis in vitro in human peripheral blood-derived monocytes or lymphocytes, nor does certolizumab pegol induce neutrophil degranulation.

FDA approval of certolizumab in adult plaque psoriasis was based on three multicenter, randomized, double-blind studies (CIMPASI-1 [NCT02326298], CIMPASI-2 [NCT02326272], and CIMPACT [NCT02346240]) that enrolled subjects 18 years of age or older with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis who were eligible for systemic therapy or phototherapy. Subjects had a Physician Global Assessment (PGA) of 3 or greater (“moderate”) on a 5-category scale of overall disease severity, a Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) score 12 or greater, and body surface area (BSA) involvement of 10% or more.

Gottlieb et al (2018) stated certolizumab pegol, the only Fc-free, PEGylated anti-tumor necrosis factor biologic, demonstrated clinically meaningful improvements suggestive of a positive risk-benefit balance in phase 2 studies in adults with moderate-to-severe chronic plaque psoriasis. The authors assessed certolizumab (CZP) efficacy and safety versus placebo in two phase 3 studies (CIMPASI-1 (NCT02326298) and CIMPASI-2 (NCT02326272)). Of 587 participants screened for both studies, 234 were randomized in CIMPASI-1 and 227 were randomized in CIMPASI-2. At the baseline visit, patients were assigned to subcutaneous treatment with CZP 400 mg every 2 weeks, CZP 200 mg every 2 weeks (after loading dose of CZP 400 mg at weeks 0, 2, and 4), or placebo every 2 weeks until week 16 (initial treatment period) according to the randomization schedule produced by an independent biostatistician (2:2:1, stratified by site). Studies CIMPASI-1 and CIMPASI-2 assessed the co-primary endpoints of the proportion of patients who achieved a 75% reduction in Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI 75) and Physician's Global Assessment of “clear” or “almost clear” (PGA of 0/1 ) with at least a 2-point improvement at Week 16. Secondary endpoints included week-16 PASI 90 responder rate, change in Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) between baseline and week 16, and PASI 75 and PGA 0/1 responder rates at week 48. Other efficacy variables included PASI 90 responder rate at week 48 and PASI 100 (100% reduction in PASI from baseline PASI) and DLQI 0/1 (no/small impact of psoriasis on patient's quality of life) responder rates at week 16 and week 48. Safety was assessed via treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs). Eligible patients were 18 years of age or older with plaque psoriasis for at least 6 months with baseline PASI 12 or greater, body surface area affected 10% or more, and a Physician's Global Assessment (PGA) 3 or greater on a 5-point scale. All participants were candidates for systemic therapy, phototherapy, or photochemotherapy.

At week 16, significantly higher PASI 75 responder rates were observed for CZP 400 mg (CIMPASI-1, 75.8%; CIMPASI-2, 82.6%) and CZP 200 mg (CIMPASI-1, 66.5%; CIMPASI-2, 81.4%) than placebo (CIMPASI-1, 6.5%; CIMPASI-2, 11.6%; P < .0001 for all), and responses were maintained through week 48 for both CZP doses. At week 16, significantly higher PGA 0/1 responder rates were observed for CZP 400 mg (CIMPASI-1, 57.9%; CIMPASI-2, 71.6%) and CZP 200 mg (CIMPASI-1, 47.0%; CIMPASI-2, 66.8%) than placebo (CIMPASI-1, 4.2%; CIMPASI-2, 2.0%; P < .0001 for all); responses were maintained through week 48 for both CZP doses. No unexpected safety signals were identified. The safety profile was consistent with the therapeutic class. Adverse events were consistent with the anti-tumor necrosis factor class of drugs. The most common adverse reactions (incidence ≥7% and higher than placebo): upper respiratory tract infection, rash, and urinary tract infection. The limitations of this trial were that there was no active comparator arm and patients were excluded from the study for having a history of primary failure to biologic therapy. In addition, sample sizes are smaller than other phase 3 psoriasis trials, making it difficult to discern whether observed study variations are simply a consequence of patient numbers. The authors concluded that treatment with either certolizumab 400 mg or 200 mg every 2 weeks was associated with significant and clinically meaningful improvements in moderate-to-severe psoriasis. The 400-mg dose could provide additional clinical benefit.

Lebwohl et al (2018) assessed the safety and efficacy of certolizumab (CZP) in adults with moderate-to-severe chronic plaque psoriasis in a phase 3, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo- and active-controlled study, followed by a placebo-controlled maintenance period and open-label follow-up period (CIMPACT; NCT02346240). During the initial period, 559 patients were randomized 3:3:1:3 (stratified by site) to CZP 400 mg every 2 weeks or CZP 200 mg every 2 weeks (after 400-mg loading doses at weeks 0, 2, and 4) for 16 weeks, placebo every 2 weeks for 16 weeks, or etanercept 50 mg twice weekly for 12 weeks. At week 16, patients in the CZP-treatment groups achieving a PASI 75 (≥75% reduction in the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index [PASI] from baseline) were re-randomized (2:2:1): from CZP 400 mg every 2 weeks to CZP 400 mg every 2 weeks, CZP 200 mg every 2 weeks, or placebo; and from CZP 200 mg every 2 weeks to CZP 400 mg every 4 weeks, CZP 200 mg every 2 weeks, or placebo for the 32-week maintenance period. Placebo-treated PASI 75 responders continued placebo for the maintenance period, and etanercept-treated PASI 75 responders, after a 4-week washout, were re-randomized (2:1) to CZP 200 mg every 2 weeks (after 400 mg loading doses at weeks 16, 18, and 20) or placebo. PASI 75 nonresponders at week 16 entered an escape arm and received treatment with CZP 400 mg every 2 weeks. Patients who were rerandomized and were PASI 50 nonresponders (had a <50% reduction in PASI from baseline PASI) at any visit during the maintenance period and patients who completed the double-blind maintenance period entered the open-label safety extension, which was ongoing at the time of publication, and received CZP 400 mg every 2 weeks. The primary efficacy endpoint was PASI 75 responder rate for both CZP doses versus placebo at week 12. Secondary efficacy endpoints were PASI 75 responder rate versus placebo at week 16; PGA 0/1 responder rate (clear/almost clear with ≥2-point improvement from baseline PGA score) versus placebo at weeks 12 and 16; PASI 90 responder rate versus placebo at weeks 12 and 16; PASI 75 responder rate versus etanercept at week 12; and PASI 75 responder rates at week 48 for patients achieving PASI 75 at week 16. Safety was assessed by treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs). Eligible patients were 18 years of age or older with plaque psoriasis for at least 6 months with baseline PASI 12 or greater, body surface area affected 10% or more, and a Physician's Global Assessment (PGA) 3 or greater on a 5-point scale. All participants were candidates for systemic therapy, phototherapy, or photochemotherapy.

By week 12, PASI 75 responder rate was significantly greater for CZP-treated patients versus placebo-treated patients (66.7% CZP 400 mg, p<00001; 61.3% CZP 200 mg, p<00001; 5.0% placebo). Differences were evident between the drug groups and the placebo group as early as week 4 and increased through week 16. At week 12, CZP 400 mg was superior and CZP 200 mg was non-inferior to etanercept for PASI 75 responder rate (66.7% CZP 400 mg, p=0.0152; 61.3% CZP 200 mg, p=0.1523; 53.5% Etanercept). Similar trends occurred for PGA 0/1 and PASI 90 responder rates for both doses of CZP versus placebo. All endpoints were significantly greater for certolizumab versus placebo with the greatest response seen with 400 mg. No new safety signals were observed. Adverse events were consistent with the anti-tumor necrosis factor class of drugs. The most common adverse reactions (incidence ≥7% and higher than placebo): upper respiratory tract infection, rash, and urinary tract infection. The limitation for this study was that etanercept was administered by un-blinded study staff or self-administered, but efficacy assessments were performed by a blinded assessor. The authors concluded that both certolizumab regimens improved psoriasis symptoms, with a greater response seen with the higher dose.

Etanercept

U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-Approved Indications

Moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
Moderately to severely active polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis (pJIA) in patients aged 2 years or older
Active psoriatic arthritis (PsA)
Active ankylosing spondylitis (AS)
Chronic moderate to severe plaque psoriasis (PsO) in patients aged 4 years or older

Compendial Uses

Axial spondyloarthritis
Oligoarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Reactive arthritis
Hidradenitis suppurativa, severe, refractory
Behcet’s disease
Graft versus host disease
Pyoderma gangrenosum, refractory

Etanercept (Enbrel) (Immunex Corporation, Thousand Oaks, CA) gained FDA approval for the treatment of chronic moderate-to-severe chronic plaque psoriasis in April 2004. The FDA approved a twice-weekly dose of 50 mg for the first 3 months of psoriasis treatment followed by a maintenance dose of 50 mg per week thereafter. The FDA approval was based on the results of 2 phase III clinical studies involving adults with psoriasis who were treated for up to 12 months. These studies reported nearly half (46 %) of those who received etanercept had a 75 % or greater improvement on the PASI after 3 months of treatment. That response was sustained for an additional 3 months at the lower dose (25 mg once-weekly).

According to guidelines from the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE, 2006), etanercept, administered at a dose not exceeding 25 mg twice-weekly is recommended for the treatment of adults with plaque psoriasis only when their disease is severe and they have failed to respond to standard systemic therapies, as described above.

According to NICE guidelines, etanercept treatment should be discontinued in patients whose psoriasis has not responded adequately at 12 weeks. Further treatment cycles are not recommended in these patients.

Guidelines from the British Association of Dermatologists (2005) stated that etanercept should be considered first choice for patients with significant, uncontrolled psoriatic arthritis, and for patients with stable psoriasis where a decision to treat with an tumor necrosis factor inhibitor has been made.

According to the FDA-approved labeling of Enbrel, the recommended dose of etancercept for psoriatic arthritis is 50 mg once weekly with or without methotrexate (MTX). The recommended dose of etanercept for adult plaque psoriasis is 50 mg twice weekly for 3 months, followed by 50 mg once weekly.

The FDA approved the supplemental Biologics License Application (sBLA) for the expanded use of etanercept) to treat pediatric patients (ages 4-17) with chronic moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis (Amgen, 2016). The approval was based on results from a Phase 3 one-year study and its five-year open-label extension study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of etanercept in pediatric patients, ages 4 to 17, with chronic moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis. In addition to demonstrating efficacy, the adverse events were similar to those seen in previous studies in adults with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis.

Paller, et al. (2008) sought to assess the efficacy and safety of etanercept in children and adolescents with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis. In a 48-week study, 211 patients with psoriasis (4 to 17 years of age) were initially randomly assigned to a double-blind trial of 12 once-weekly subcutaneous injections of placebo or 0.8 mg of etanercept per kilogram of body weight (to a maximum of 50 mg), followed by 24 weeks of once-weekly open-label etanercept. At week 36, 138 patients underwent a second randomization to placebo or etanercept to investigate the effects of withdrawal and retreatment. The primary end point was 75% or greater improvement from baseline in the psoriasis area-and-severity index (PASI 75) at week 12. Secondary end points included PASI 50, PASI 90, physician's global assessment of clear or almost clear of disease, and safety assessments. At week 12, 57% of patients receiving etanercept achieved PASI 75, as compared with 11% of those receiving placebo (P<0.001). A significantly higher proportion of patients in the etanercept group than in the placebo group had PASI 50 (75% vs. 23%), PASI 90 (27% vs. 7%), and a physician's global assessment of clear or almost clear (53% vs. 13%) at week 12 (P<0.001). At week 36, after 24 weeks of open-label etanercept, rates of PASI 75 were 68% and 65% for patients initially assigned to etanercept and placebo, respectively. During the withdrawal period from week 36 to week 48, response was lost by 29 of 69 patients (42%) assigned to placebo at the second randomization. Four serious adverse events (including three infections) occurred in three patients during treatment with open-label etanercept; all resolved without sequelae. The investigators concluded that etanercept significantly reduced disease severity in children and adolescents with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis.

Paller, et al. (2016) reported on an extension study to evaluate long-term safety and efficacy of etanercept in children and adolescents with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis. The investigators reported on a 5-year, open-label extension study enrolled patients aged 4 to 17 years who had participated in a 48-week parent study. End points included occurrence of adverse events (AEs) and serious AEs including infections, and rates of 75% and 90% improvement in Psoriasis Area and Severity Index score and clear/almost clear on static physician global assessment. Of 182 patients enrolled, 181 received etanercept and 69 completed 264 weeks. Through week 264, 161 (89.0%) patients reported an AE, most commonly upper respiratory tract infection (37.6%), nasopharyngitis (26.0%), and headache (21.5%). Seven patients reported 8 serious AEs; only 1 (cellulitis) was considered treatment-related. No cases of opportunistic infections or malignancy were reported. Rates of 75% improvement in Psoriasis Area and Severity Index score (∼ 60%-70%) and 90% improvement in Psoriasis Area and Severity Index score (∼ 30%-40%) and static physician global assessment status clear/almost clear (∼40%-50%) were maintained through week 264. The investigators noted that one limitation of this study was that the number of patients remaining on study at week 264 was small. The investigators concluded that etanercept in pediatric patients was generally well tolerated and efficacy was maintained in those who remained in the study for up to 264 weeks.

Golimumab

U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-Approved Indications for Simponi (subcutaneous injection)

Moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in combination with methotrexate
Active psoriatic arthritis (PsA)
Active ankylosing spondylitis (AS)
Moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis (UC)

Compendial Uses for Simponi

Axial spondyloarthritis

U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-Approved Indications for Simponi Aria (intravenous infusion)

Adult patients with moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in combination with methotrexate
Active psoriatic arthritis (PsA) in patients 2 years of age and older
Adult patients with active ankylosing spondylitis (AS)
Active polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis (pJIA) in patients 2 years of age and older

Compendial Uses for Simponi Aria

Oligoarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis

Subcutaneous golimumab is available as Simponi (Janssen Biotech, Inc.), a tumor necrosis factor (TNF) blocker. Golimumab is a human monoclonal antibody that binds to both the soluble and transmembrane bioactive forms of human TNFα. This interaction prevents the binding of TNFα to its receptors, thereby inhibiting the biological activity of TNFα (a cytokine protein). Elevated TNFα levels in the blood, synovium, and joints have been implicated in the pathophysiology of several chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. TNFα is an important mediator of the articular inflammation that is characteristic of these diseases (Janssen, 2019).

Intravenous golimumab is available as Simponi Aria (Janssen Biotech, Inc.) and contains the same mechanism of action and labeled black box warning and precautions as subcutaneous golimumab (Simponi). The most common adverse reactions (incidence ≥ 3%) include upper respiratory tract infection, alanine aminotransferase increased, viral infection, aspartate aminotransferase increased, neutrophil count decreased, bronchitis, hypertension, and rash. Live vaccines should not be given with Simponi Aria.

On October 20, 2017, Janssen Biotech, Inc. announced that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved an intravenous (IV) formulation of Simponi Aria, golimumab, for the treatment of adults with active psoriatic arthritis (PsA). The approval was based on a pivotal Phase 3 study (GO-VIBRANT) which demonstrated significant efficacy of Simponi Aria over placebo, along with a consistent safety profile across all indications.

Go-VIBRANT was a Phase 3, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study which evaluated the efficacy and safety of Simponi Aria in biologic-naïve adults (18 years of age and older) with active PsA. Criteria included a diagnosis of PsA for at least six months and had symptoms of active disease [≥5 swollen joints and ≥5 tender joints and a CRP level of ≥ 0.6 mg/dL]. Patients who were on stable doses of methotrexate (MTX) were allowed to enroll in the study and remained on MTX during the double-blind phase. Patients (n=480) were randomized one-to-one to receive Simponi Aria 2 mg/kg (N=241) or placebo (N=239) as a 30-minute IV infusion at Weeks 0, 4, 12 and 20. All patients on placebo received Simponi Aria at Week 24, Week 28 and every 8 weeks thereafter through Week 52. Patients in the Simponi Aria treatment group continued to receive Simponi Aria infusions at Week 28 and every 8 weeks through Week 52. The primary endpoint was ACR20 response at week 14. Multiplicity-controlled endpoints at week 14 or 24 included ACR50, ACR70, at least a 75 percent improvement in the Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI 75) and change from baseline in Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index (HAQ-DI), enthesitis, dactylitis, van der Heijde Sharps (vdH-S) and Short Form (SF)-36 Physical Component (PC)/Mental Component (MC) scores. The study continued through 60 weeks (Janssen, 2017).

Guselkumab

U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-Approved Indications

Treatment of adult patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis who are candidates for systemic therapy or phototherapy
Treatment of adult patients with active psoriatic arthritis

Guselkumab is available as Tremfya (Janssen Biotech, Inc.).

In July 2017, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Tremfya (guselkumab) for the treatment of moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis in adults who are candidates for systemic therapy or phototherapy. Guselkumab, an interleukin-23 (IL-23) blocker, is a human immunoglobulin G1 lambda (IgG1λ) monoclonal antibody that selectively binds to the p19 subunit of IL-23 and inhibits its interaction with the IL-23 receptor. IL-23 is a naturally occurring cytokine that is involved in normal inflammatory and immune responses. Guselkumab inhibits the release of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines (Johnson & Johnson, 2017).

Tremfya received FDA approval based on results from Phase 3, multicenter, randomized, double-blind trials (VOYAGE 1, VOYAGE 2, and NAVIGATE studies). In VOYAGE 1 and VOYAGE 2, 1443 subjects, 18 years and older, were randomized to either Tremfya (100 mg at Weeks 0 and 4 and every 8 weeks thereafter), placebo or adalimumab (80 mg at Week 0 and 40 mg at Week 1, followed by 40 mg every other week thereafter). At 16 weeks, at least seven out of ten Tremfya-treated patients achieved at least 90 percent clearer skin, and more than 80 percent demonstrated cleared or almost cleared skin. Improvements were also demonstrated in psoriasis involving the scalp and in symptoms of plaque psoriasis including itch, pain, stinging, burning and skin tightness. Treatment resulted in clearer skin that lasted, as nearly nine out of ten patients who achieved PASI 90 at week 28 maintained that response at week 48. At week 24, more than seven out of ten patients treated with Tremfya reported at least 90 percent clearer skin compared with more than four out of ten patients treated with adalimumab (Janssen, 2017; Johnson & Johnson, 2017).

NAVIGATE findings demonstrated the effectiveness of Tremfya in patients who had an inadequate response to treatment with ustekinumab. NAVIGATE evaluated the efficacy of 24 weeks of treatment with Tremfya in subjects (N=268) who had not achieved an adequate response, defined as IGA ≥2 at Week 16 after initial treatment with ustekinumab (dosed 45 mg or 90 mg according to the subject’s baseline weight at Week 0 and Week 4). These subjects were randomized to either continue with ustekinumab treatment every 12 weeks or switch to Tremfya 100 mg at Weeks 16, 20, and every 8 weeks thereafter. In subjects with an inadequate response (IGA ≥2 at Week 16 to ustekinumab), greater proportions of subjects on Tremfya compared to ustekinumab achieved an IGA score of 0 or 1 with a ≥2 grade improvement at Week 28 (31% vs 14%, respectively; 12 weeks after randomization) (Janssen, 2017).

The most common adverse reactions associated with Tremfya include upper respiratory infections, headache, injection site reactions, arthralgia, diarrhea, gastroenteritis, tinea infections, and herpes simplex infections (Janssen, 2017).

In July 2020, the U.S. FDA approved Tremfya (guselkumab) for the treatment of adult patients with active psoriatic arthritis (PsA), a chronic progressive disease characterized by painful joints and skin inflammation. FDA approval was based on the results from two pivotal Phase 3 clinical trials (DISCOVER-1 and DISCOVER-2), which were randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies that evaluated the safety and efficacy of guselkumab in 1,120 adult patients with active PsA who had inadequate response to standard therapies (Janssen, 2020).

Deodhar et al. (2020) state that guselkumab, a specific inhibitor of interleukin-23 (IL-23) via IL-23 p19 subunit binding, significantly improved psoriatic arthritis signs and symptoms with an acceptable safety profile in a phase 2 trial. Thus, the authors conducted a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial (DISCOVER-1) to evaluate guselkumab in adults with active psoriatic arthritis. Eligibility criteria included inadequate response to or intolerance of standard treatment, including at least 4 months of apremilast, at least 3 months of non-biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), or at least 4 weeks of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for psoriatic arthritis. About 30% of study participants could have previously received one or two TNF inhibitors. There were 381 patients randomly assigned (1:1:1) to subcutaneous guselkumab 100 mg every 4 weeks (n=128), guselkumab 100 mg at weeks 0, 4 and then every 8 weeks (n=127), or placebo (n=126). 362 patients continued study treatment up to week 24. The primary endpoint was American College of Rheumatology 20% improvement (ACR20) at week 24 in all patients per assigned treatment group using non-responder imputation. Safety was assessed in all patients per treatment received. The primary endpoint was met: ACR20 at week 24 was achieved by significantly greater proportions of patients in the guselkumab every 4 weeks group and every 8 weeks group than in the placebo group, with percentage differences versus placebo of 37% for the every 4 weeks group and 30% for the every 8 weeks group (both p<0·0001). Serious adverse events up to week 24 occurred in no patients receiving guselkumab every 4 weeks, four (3%) patients receiving guselkumab every 8 weeks, and five (4%) patients receiving placebo. Up to week 24, one patient in the placebo group died from cardiac failure and two had serious infections; no guselkumab-treated patient died or had serious infections. The authors concluded that guselkumab demonstrated a favourable benefit-risk profile and might be an effective treatment option for patients with active psoriatic arthritis.

Mease et al. (2020) conducted a multicenter, phase 3, double-blind, placebo-controlled study (DISCOVER-2) to evaluate guselkumab in biologic-naive patients with active psoriatic arthritis (at least five swollen joints, at least five tender joints, and C-reactive protein ≥0·6 mg/dL) despite standard therapies. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1:1) to subcutaneous injections of guselkumab 100 mg every 4 weeks; guselkumab 100 mg at weeks 0, 4, then every 8 weeks; or placebo. The primary endpoint was ACR20 response at week 24 in all patients per assigned treatment group. Safety was assessed in all patients per treatment received. A total of 1153 patients were screened, of whom 741 were randomly assigned to receive guselkumab every 4 weeks (n=246), every 8 weeks (n=248), or placebo (n=247). One patient in the every 4 weeks group and one in the placebo group did not start treatment, and the remaining 739 patients started treatment; 716 patients continued treatment up to week 24. Significantly greater proportions of patients in the guselkumab every 4 weeks group (156 [64%] of 245 [95% CI 57-70]) and every 8 weeks group (159 [64%] of 248 [58-70]) than in the placebo group (81 [33%] of 246 [27-39]) achieved an ACR20 response at week 24 (percentage differences vs placebo 31% [95% CI 22-39] for the every 4 weeks group and 31% [23-40] for the every 8 weeks group; both p<0·0001). Up to week 24, serious adverse events occurred in eight (3%) of 245 patients receiving guselkumab every 4 weeks (three serious infections), three (1%) of 248 receiving guselkumab every 8 weeks (one serious infection), and seven (3%) of 246 receiving placebo (one serious infection). No deaths occurred. The authors concluded that guselkumab was efficacious and demonstrated an acceptable benefit-risk profile in patients with active psoriatic arthritis who were naive to treatment with biologics.

Infliximab

U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-Approved Indications

Moderately to severely active Crohn’s disease (CD) and fistulizing CD
Moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis (UC)
Moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in combination with methotrexate
Active ankylosing spondylitis (AS)
Active psoriatic arthritis (PsA)
Chronic severe plaque psoriasis (PsO)

Compendial Uses

Axial spondyloarthritis
Behcet’s syndrome
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener’s granulomatosis)
Hidradenitis suppurativa
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Pyoderma gangrenosum
Sarcoidosis
Takayasu’s arteritis
Uveitis
Reactive arthritis
Immune checkpoint inhibitor toxicity
Acute graft versus host disease
Moderate to severe plaque psoriasis

The U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention (2003) has concluded that psoriatic arthritis and psoriasis are accepted indications for infliximab. A controlled clinical study (Chaudhari et al, 2001) has demonstrated the short-term effectiveness of infliximab in plaque psoriasis. In a controlled clinical trial in which patients and investigators were blinded for the first 10 weeks, participants were assigned to either of 2 doses of infliximab (5 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg at baseline, 2 weeks, and 6 weeks) or to placebo. Nineteen of 22 patients assigned to infliximab achieved good or better physician's overall assessments, compared with 2 of 11 patients assigned to placebo. In initial studies, remissions seemed to be durable, with many patients improving for 6 months or longer. Subsequent randomized controlled clinical studies have confirmed the efficacy of infliximab for treatment of plaque psoriasis (Reich et al, 2005; Feldman et al, 2005; Gottlieb et al, 2004).

Guidelines from the British Association of Dermatologists (2005) stated that infliximab is useful in clinical circumstances requiring rapid control of psoriasis, e.g., in unstable erythrodermic or pustular psoriasis, due to its very rapid onset of action and high response rate.

Infliximab (Remicade/Avsola/Inflectra/Renflexis) is FDA approved for treatment of reducing signs and symptoms of active arthritis, inhibiting the progression of structural damage, and improving physical function in persons with psoriatic arthritis. Furthermore, it has the FDA approval for treatment of adults with chronic severe (i.e., extensive and/or disabling) plaque psoriasis who are candidates for systemic therapy and when other systemic therapies are medically less appropriate (Amgen, 2019; Janssen, 2018; Merck, 2019; Pfizer, 2019).

Risankizumab-rzaa

U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-Approved Indications

Treatment of moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis in adults who are candidates for systemic therapy or phototherapy
Active psoriatic arthritis in adults

Risankizumab-rzaa, an interleukin-23 antagonist, is available as Skyrizi (AbbVie Inc.).

On April 23, 2019, AbbVie Inc (Chicago, IL) announced the FDA approval of Skyrizi (risankizumab-rzaa), an interleukin-23 (IL-23) inhibitor, for the treatment of moderate to severe plaque psoriasis in adults who are candidates for systemic therapy or phototherapy.

FDA approval was based on four multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo and/or active-controlled pivotal studies: ULTIMMA-1, ULTIMMA-2, IMMHANCE and IMMVENT (NCT02684370, NCT02684357, NCT02672852, NCT02694523).

In the ULTIMMA-1 and ULTIMMA-2 trials, 997 subjects with moderate-to-severe chronic plaque psoriasis, ages 18 years or older, who had a body surface area (BSA) involvement of ≥10%, a static Physician’s Global Assessment (sPGA) score of ≥3 (“moderate”) in the overall assessment (plaque thickness/induration, erythema, and scaling) of psoriasis on a severity scale of 0 to 4, and a Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) score ≥12 were enrolled. Of the 997 subjects, 598 were randomized to the risankizumab-rzaa 150 mg group, 200 were randomized to the placebo group, and 199 to the biologic (ustekinumab) active control group. Risankizumab-rzaa was administered subcutaneously at Weeks 0, 4, and every 12 weeks thereafter. Both studies assessed the responses at Week 16 compared to placebo for two co-primary endpoints, the proportion of subjects achieving a 90% reduction from baseline in the Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI 90), and the proportion of subjects who achieved a sPGA score of 0 (“clear”) or 1 (“almost clear”). Secondary endpoints included the proportion of subjects who achieved PASI 100, sPGA 0, and Psoriasis Symptom Scale (PSS) 0 (“none”) at Week 16 versus placebo. Co-primary endpoints were met for both studies. At Week 16 both ULTIMMA-1 and ULTIMMA-2 found that PASI 90 was achieved in 75 percent of people treated with risankizumab-rzaa (Skyrizi), compared to 5 and 2 percent receiving placebo, respectively (p<0.001). PASI 100 was achieved in 36 and 51 percent of people treated with risankizumab-rzaa, compared to 0 and 2 percent receiving placebo, respectively (p<0.001). At one year (52 weeks), 82 and 81 percent of people treated with risankizumab-rzaa achieved PASI 90, and 56 and 60 percent achieved PASI 100, respectively (p<0.001); in addition, 58 and 60 percent achieved sPGA 0, respectively. An integrated analysis of ULTIMMA-1 and ULTIMMA-2 showed most people treated with risankizumab-rzaa who achieved PASI 90 and PASI 100 at Week 16 maintained this response at one year (88 and 80 percent, respectively) (AbbVie, 2019a; AbbVie, 2019b; Gordon et al., 2018).

In the IMMHANCE trial (NCT02672852), subjects who were originally on risankizumab-rzaa and had sPGA 0 or 1 at Week 28 were re-randomized to continue risankizumab-rzaa every 12 weeks or withdrawal of therapy. At Week 52, 87% (97/111) of the subjects re-randomized to continue treatment with risankizumab-rzaa had sPGA 0 or 1 compared to 61% (138/225) who were re-randomized to withdrawal of risankizumab-rzaa (AbbVie, 2019b).

Most common adverse reactions (≥ 1%) are upper respiratory infections, headache, fatigue, injection site reactions, and tinea infections.

In January 2022, the U.S. FDA approved Skyrizi for the treatment of adults with active psoriatic arthritis (PsA), a systemic inflammatory disease that affects the skin and joints (AbbVie, 2022). FDA approval was based on data from two pivotal studies, KEEPsAKE-1 and KEEPsAKE-2, which evaluated the efficacy and safety of risankizumab in adults with active PsA, including those who had responded inadequately or were intolerant to biologic therapy and/or non-biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). In KEEPsAKE-1 and KEEPsAKE-2, 57.3 percent and 51.3 percent of patients receiving risankizumab achieved the primary endpoint of ACR20 response at week 24, respectively, versus 33.5 percent and 26.5 percent receiving placebo. Risankizumab also demonstrated improvements in ACR50 and ACR70 responses compared to placebo at week 24. In addition, risankizumab showed improvements compared to placebo at week 24 in dactylitis and enthesitis for patients with pre-existing dactylitis and enthesitis. Patients with coexistent plaque psoriasis receiving risankizumab saw improvements in the skin lesions of psoriasis, compared to placebo, as measured by the Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI 90) at week 24. Furthermore, risankizumab showed a statistically significant improvement in physical function, compared to placebo, as measured by the Health Assessment Questionnaire-Disability Index at week 24, with a mean difference of 0.20 in KEEPsAKE-1 and 0.16 in KEEPsAKE-2 (AbbVie, 2022a, 2022b).

The overall safety profile observed in patients with psoriatic arthritis treated with risankizumab (Skyrizi) is generally consistent with the safety profile in patients with plaque psoriasis.

Secukinumab

U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-Approved Indications

Moderate to severe plaque psoriasis in patients 6 years and older who are candidates for systemic therapy or phototherapy
Adults with active psoriatic arthritis (PsA) in patients 2 years of age and older
Adults with active ankylosing spondylitis
Adults with active non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis (nr-axSpA) with objective signs of inflammation
Active enthesitis-related arthritis (ERA) in patients 4 years of age and older

Secukinumab is available as Cosentyx (Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation). The FDA has approved Cosentyx injection for the treatment of moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis in adults who are candidates for systemic therapy or phototherapy (Novartis, 2015). Secukinumab (previously known as AIN457) is a human monoclonal antibody (mAb) that selectively binds to interleukin-17A (IL-17A) and inhibits its interaction with the IL-17 receptor.

The Phase III clinical program included four placebo-controlled studies which examined secukinumab 300 mg and 150 mg in patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis (Novartis, 2015):

Erasure

(Efficacy of response and safety of two fixed secukinumab regimens in psoriasis) was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter, parallel-group Phase III study involving 738 patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis.
(the full year investigative examination of secukinumab vs. etanercept using 2 dosing regimens to determine efficacy in psoriasis) was a randomized, double-blind, placebo and active controlled, multicenter, parallel-group Phase III study involving 1306 patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis.
(First study of secukinumab in prefilled syringes in subjects with chronic plaqUe-type psoriasis response) was a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter, Phase III study involving 177 subjects with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis. In this study, prefilled syringes (PFS) were introduced into the Cosentyx clinical program.
(Judging the efficacy of secukinumab in patients with psoriasis using autoinjector: a clinical trial evaluating treatment results) was a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter, Phase III study involving 182 subjects with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis. In this study, the autoinjector/pen (AI) was introduced into the Cosentyx clinical program.

In these studies, secukinumab met its primary endpoint and key secondary endpoints, including Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) 75 and 90 and Investigator's Global Assessment modified 2011 (IGA) 0/1 responses, showing significant skin clearance at Week 12 (Novartis, 2015).

The recommended dose of secukinumab is 300 mg by subcutaneous injection at Weeks 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 followed by 300 mg every 4 weeks (Novartis, 2015). For some patients, a dose of 150 mg may be acceptable.

Cosentyx is contraindicated in patients with a previous serious hypersensitivity reaction to secukinumab or to any of the excipients (Novartis, 2015). Most common adverse reactions (> 1%) with sekukinumab are nasopharyngitis, diarrhea, and upper respiratory tract infections.

In placebo-controlled clinical trials, higher rates of common infections such as nasopharyngitis (11.4% versus 8.6%), upper respiratory tract infection (2.5% versus 0.7%) and mucocutaneous infections with candida (1.2% versus 0.3%) were observed with secukinumab compared with placebo (Novartis, 2015). The incidence of some types of infections appeared to be dose-dependent in clinical studies. The labeling of Consentyx recommends exercising caution when considering the use of secukinumab in patients with a chronic infection or a history of recurrent infection. If a patient develops a serious infection, the patient should be closely monitored and secukinumab should be discontinued until the infection resolves.

The labeling recommends that patients be evaluated for tuberculosis (TB) infection prior to initiating treatment with secukinumab (Novartis, 2015). Secukinumab should not be administered to patients with active TB infection. Treatment of latent TB should be initiated prior to administering secukinumab. The labeling also states that anti-TB therapy should be considered prior to initiation of secukinumab in patients with a past history of latent or active TB in whom an adequate course of treatment cannot be confirmed. Patients receiving secukinumab should be monitored closely for signs and symptoms of active TB during and after treatment.

The labeling recommends caution when prescribing secukinumab to patients with active Crohn's disease, as exacerbations of Crohn's disease, in some cases serious, were observed in secukinumab-treated patients during clinical trials (Novartis, 2015). The labeling recommends close monitoring of patients with active Crohn’s disease who are treated with secukinumab.

Anaphylaxis and cases of urticaria occurred in secukinumab-treated patients in the clinical trials (Novartis, 2015). The labeling recommends immediate discontinuation of secukinumab and initiation of appropriate therapy if an anaphylactic or other serious allergic reaction occurs.

The labeling states that patients treated with secukinumab should not receive live vaccines (Novartis, 2015). Non-live vaccinations received during a course of secukinumab may not elicit an immune response sufficient to prevent disease. The labeling recommends completion of all age-appropriate immunizations prior to initiating therapy with secukinumab.

In a phase 3, double-blind, placebo-controlled study (McInnes, et al., 2015) undertaken at 76 centers in Asia, Australia, Canada, Europe, and the USA, adults (aged ≥18 years old) with active psoriatic arthritis were randomly allocated in a 1:1:1:1 ratio with computer-generated blocks to receive subcutaneous placebo or secukinumab 300 mg, 150 mg, or 75 mg once a week from baseline and then every 4 weeks from week 4. Patients and investigators were masked to treatment assignment. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients achieving at least 20% improvement in the American College of Rheumatology response criteria (ACR20) at week 24. Analysis was by intention to treat. Between April 14, and Nov 25, 2013, 397 patients were randomly assigned to receive secukinumab 300 mg (n=100), 150 mg (n=100), 75 mg (n=99), or placebo (n=98). A significantly higher proportion of patients achieved an ACR20 at week 24 with secukinumab 300 mg (54 [54%] patients; odds ratio versus placebo 6·81, 95% CI 3·42-13·56; p<0·0001), 150 mg (51 [51%] patients; 6·52, 3·25-13·08; p<0·0001), and 75 mg (29 [29%] patients; 2·32, 1·14-4·73; p=0·0399) versus placebo (15 [15%] patients). Up to week 16, the most common adverse events were upper respiratory tract infections (four [4%], eight [8%], ten [10%], and seven [7%] with secukinumab 300 mg, 150 mg, 75 mg, and placebo, respectively) and nasopharyngitis (six [6%], four [4%], six [6%], and eight [8%], respectively). Serious adverse events were reported by five (5%), one (1%), and four (4%) patients in the secukinumab 300 mg, 150 mg, and 75 mg groups, respectively, compared with two (2%) in the placebo group. No deaths were reported. The investigators concluded that subcutaneous secukinumab 300 mg and 150 mg improved the signs and symptoms of psoriatic arthritis, suggesting that secukinumab is a potential future treatment option for patients with this disorder.

McInnes, et al. (2014) evaluated the efficacy and safety of secukinumab in patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Investigators randomly assigned (2:1) 42 patients with active PsA fulfilling Classification for Psoriatic Arthritis (CASPAR) criteria to receive two intravenous secukinumab doses (10 mg/kg; n=28) or placebo (n=14) 3 weeks apart. The primary endpoint was the proportion of American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 20 responses at week 6 for secukinumab versus placebo (one-sided p<0.1). ACR20 responses at week 6, the primary endpoint, were 39% (9/23) for secukinumab versus 23% (3/13) for placebo (p=0.27). ACR20 responses were greater with secukinumab versus placebo at week 12 (39% (9/23) vs 15% (2/13), p=0.13) and week 24 (43% (10/23) vs 18% (2/11), p= 0.14). At week 6, 'good' European League Against Rheumatism response was seen in 21.7% (5/23) secukinumab versus 9.1% (1/11) placebo patients. Compared with placebo at week 6, significant reductions were observed among secukinumab recipients for C reactive protein (p=0.039), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (p=0.038), Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index (p=0.002) and Short Form Health Survey (SF-36; p=0.030) scores. The overall adverse event (AE) frequency was comparable between secukinumab (26 (93%)) and placebo (11 (79%)) recipients. Six serious AEs (SAEs) were reported in four secukinumab patients and one SAE in one placebo patient. The investigators concluded that, although the primary endpoint was not met, clinical responses, acute-phase reactant and quality of life improvements were greater with secukinumab versus placebo, suggesting some clinical benefit. The investigators stated that secukinumab exhibited satisfactory safety.

Tildrakizumab

U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-Approved Indications

Treatment of adult patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis who are candidates for systemic therapy or phototherapy

Tildrakizumab is available as Ilumya (Sun Pharmaceutical Industries, Inc). Ilumya is humanized IgG1/k monoclonal antibody that selectively binds to the p19 subunit of IL-23 and inhibits its interaction with the IL-23 receptor. In March 2018, the FDA approved tildrakizumab (Ilumya) for the treatment of adults with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis who are candidates for systemic therapy or phototherapy.

Reich et al (2017) conducted two three-part, parallel group, double-blind, randomised controlled studies, reSURFACE 1 (at 118 sites in Australia, Canada, Japan, the UK, and the USA) and reSURFACE 2 (at 132 sites in Europe, Israel, and the USA). Participants aged 18 years or older with moderate-to-severe chronic plaque psoriasis (body surface area involvement ≥10%, Physician's Global Assessment [PGA] score ≥3, and Psoriasis Area and Severity Index [PASI] score ≥12) were randomised (via interactive voice and web response system) to tildrakizumab 200 mg, tildrakizumab 100 mg, or placebo in reSURFACE 1 (2:2:1), or to tildrakizumab 200 mg, tildrakizumab 100 mg, placebo, or etanercept 50 mg (2:2:1:2). Randomisation was done by region and stratified for bodyweight (≤90 kg or >90 kg) and previous exposure to biologics therapy for psoriasis. Investigators, participants, and study personnel were blinded to group allocation and remained blinded until completion of the studies. Assigned medication was identical in appearance and packaging. Tildrakizumab was administered subcutaneously at weeks 0 and 4 during part 1 and at week 16 during part 2 (weeks 12 and 16 for participants re-randomised from placebo to tildrakizumab; etanercept was given twice weekly in part 1 of reSURFACE 2 and once weekly during part 2). The co-primary endpoints were the proportion of patients achieving PASI 75 and PGA response (score of 0 or 1 with ≥2 grade score reduction from baseline) at week 12. Safety was assessed in the all-participants-as-treated population, and efficacy in the full-analysis set. These trials are registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, numbers NCT01722331 (reSURFACE 1) and NCT01729754 (reSURFACE 2). These studies are completed, but extension studies are ongoing. The reSURFACE 1 trial ran from Dec 10, 2012, to Oct 28, 2015. The reSURFACE 2 trial ran from Feb 12, 2013, to Sept 28, 2015. In reSURFACE 1, 772 patients were randomly assigned, 308 to tildrakizumab 200 mg, 309 to tildrakizumab 100 mg, and 155 to placebo. At week 12, 192 patients (62%) in the 200 mg group and 197 patients (64%) in the 100 mg group achieved PASI 75, compared with 9 patients (6%) in the placebo group (p<0·0001 for comparisons of both tildrakizumab groups vs placebo). 182 patients (59%) in the 200 mg group and 179 patients (58%) in the 100 mg group achieved PGA responses, compared with 11 patients (7%) in the placebo group (p<0·0001 for comparisons of both tildrakizumab groups vs placebo). In reSURFACE 2, 1090 patients were randomly assigned, 314 to tildrakizumab 200 mg, 307 to tildrakizumab 100 mg, 156 to placebo, and 313 to etanercept. At week 12, 206 patients (66%) in the 200 mg group, and 188 patients (61%) in the 100 mg group achieved PASI 75, compared with 9 patients (6%) in the placebo group and 151 patients (48%) in the etanercept group (p<0·0001 for comparisons of both tildrakizumab groups vs placebo; p<0·0001 for 200 mg vs etanercept and p=0·0010 for 100 mg vs etanercept). 186 patients (59%) in the 200 mg group, and 168 patients (59%) [corrected] in the 100 mg group achieved a PGA response, compared with 7 patients (4%) in the placebo group and 149 patients (48%) in the etanercept group (p<0·0001 for comparisons of both tildrakizumab groups vs placebo; p=0·0031 for 200 mg vs etanercept and p=0·0663 for 100 mg vs etanercept). Serious adverse events were similar and low in all groups in both trials. One patient died in reSURFACE 2, in the tildrakizumab 100 mg group; the patient had alcoholic cardiomyopathy and steatohepatitis, and adjudication was unable to determine the cause of death. The authors concluded that in the two phase 3 trials, tildrakizumab 200 mg and 100 mg were efficacious compared with placebo and etanercept and were well tolerated in the treatment of patients with moderate-to-severe chronic plaque psoriasis.

Ustekinumab

U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-Approved Indications

Moderate to severe plaque psoriasis (PsO) in patients 6 years or older who are candidates for phototherapy or systemic therapy
Active psoriatic arthritis (PsA) in patients 6 years or older
Moderately to severely active Crohn’s disease (CD)
Moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis (UC)

Ustekinumab, a human interleukin-12 and -23 antagonist, is available as Stelara (Janssen Biotech, Inc). Human IgG1κ monoclonal antibody binds with high affinity and specificity to the p40 protein subunit used by both the interleukin (IL)‐12 and IL‐23 cytokines. IL‐12 and IL‐23 are naturally occurring cytokines that are involved in inflammatory and immune responses, such as natural killer cell activation and CD4+ T‐cell differentiation and activation. In in vitro models, ustekinumab was shown to disrupt IL‐12 and IL‐23 mediated signaling and cytokine cascades by disrupting the interaction of these cytokines with a shared cell‐surface receptor chain, IL‐12 β1. Stelara is produced in a well characterized recombinant cell line and is purified using standard bio‐processing technology. The manufacturing process contains steps for the clearance of viruses.

In September 2009, the FDA approved ustekinumab (Stelara) for the treatment of adults with moderate-to-severe psoriasis. Ustekinumab suppresses IL-12- and IL-23-mediated inflammation associated with psoriasis. In a review on the use of biological agents in the treatment of psoriasis, Tzu et al (2008) noted that IL-12/IL-23 inhibitors are new agents. Furthermore, Rozenblit and Lebwohl (2009) stated that new biologic therapies for psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis include antibodies to IL-12 and IL-23.

Weber and Keam (2009) noted that in 2 large, phase III trials in patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis, significantly more subcutaneous ustekinumab 45 or 90 mg recipients (administered as 2 injections 4 weeks apart) than placebo recipients achieved a 75 % improvement on the PASI 75 score at 12 weeks. Other efficacy measures, including the physician's global assessment (PGA) of clinical response at week 12, also favored ustekinumab over placebo. Psoriatic symptom control was maintained during ustekinumab maintenance therapy (administered once every 12 weeks) for up to 76 weeks. In a phase II trial in patients with active plaque psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis, signs and symptoms of arthritis and psoriatic symptom control were improved to a greater extent with ustekinumab than with placebo at 12 weeks, based on the proportion of patients achieving a 20 % improvement in ACR response criteria (arthritis) or PASI 75 (skin symptoms). Health-related quality of life, assessed using the Dermatology Life Quality Index and the Health Assessment Questionnaire disability index, was improved to a significantly greater extent with ustekinumab than with placebo at week 12. Subcutaneous ustekinumab was generally well-tolerated in clinical trials, with most treatment-emergent adverse events being of mild severity.

In a phase III, parallel, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (PHOENIX 1), Leonardi et al (2008) examined the safety and effectiveness of ustekinumab for the treatment of psoriasis. A total of 766 patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis were randomly assigned to receive ustekinumab 45 mg (n = 255) or 90 mg (n = 256) at weeks 0 and 4 and then every 12 weeks; or placebo (n = 255) at weeks 0 and 4, with subsequent cross-over to ustekinumab at week 12. Patients who were initially randomized to receive ustekinumab at week 0 who achieved long-term response (at least 75 % improvement in psoriasis area and severity index [PASI 75] at weeks 28 and 40) were re-randomized at week 40 to maintenance ustekinumab or withdrawal from treatment until loss of response. Both randomizations were done with a minimization method via a centralized interactive voice response system. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients achieving PASI 75 at week 12. Analyses were by intention-to-treat. All randomized patients were included in the efficacy analysis. Overall, 171 (67.1 %) patients receiving ustekinumab 45 mg, 170 (66.4 %) receiving ustekinumab 90 mg, and 8 (3.1 %) receiving placebo achieved PASI 75 at week 12 (difference in response rate versus placebo 63.9 %, 95 % confidence interval [CI]: 57.8 to 70.1, p < 0.0001 for 45 mg and 63.3 %, 57.1 to 69.4, p < 0.0001 for 90 mg). At week 40, long-term response had been achieved by 150 patients in the 45-mg group and 172 patients in the 90-mg group. Of these, 162 patients were randomly assigned to maintenance ustekinumab and 160 to withdrawal. PASI 75 response was better maintained to at least 1 year in those receiving maintenance ustekinumab than in those withdrawn from treatment at week 40 (p < 0.0001 by log-rank test). During the placebo-controlled phase, adverse events occurred in 278 (54.5 %) of the 510 patients receiving ustekinumab and 123 (48.2 %) of the 255 receiving placebo. Serious adverse events occurred in 6 (1.2 %) of 510 patients receiving ustekinumab and in 2 (0.8 %) of 255 receiving placebo in this phase. The pattern of adverse events was much the same in the placebo cross-over and randomized withdrawal phases as it was in the placebo-controlled phase. The authors concluded that ustekinumab seems to be effective for the treatment of moderate-to-severe psoriasis; dosing every 12 weeks maintains efficacy for at least 1 year in most patients.

In a multi-center, phase III, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (PHOENIX 2), Papp et al (2008) assessed the safety and effectiveness of ustekinumab in psoriasis patients and assessed dosing intensification in partial responders. A total of 1,230 patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis (defined by a PASI score greater than or equal to 12, and at least 10 % total body surface area involvement) were randomly assigned to receive ustekinumab 45 mg (n = 409) or 90 mg (n = 411) at weeks 0 and 4, then every 12 weeks, or placebo (n = 410). Partial responders (i.e., patients achieving greater than or equal to 50 % but less than 75 % improvement from baseline in PASI) were re-randomized at week 28 to continue dosing every 12 weeks or escalate to dosing every 8 weeks. Both randomizations were done with a minimization method via a centralized interactive voice response. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients achieving at least PASI 75 at week 12. Analyses were by intention-to-treat. All randomized patients were included in the efficacy analysis. Overall, 273 (66.7 %) patients receiving ustekinumab 45 mg, 311 (75.7 %) receiving ustekinumab 90 mg, and 15 (3.7 %) receiving placebo achieved the primary endpoint (difference in response rate 63.1 %, 95 % CI: 58.2 to 68.0, p < 0.0001 for the 45-mg group versus placebo and 72.0 %, 67.5 to 76.5, p < 0.0001 for the 90-mg group versus placebo). More partial responders at week 28 who received ustekinumab 90 mg every 8 weeks achieved PASI 75 at week 52 than did those who continued to receive the same dose every 12 weeks (22 [68.8 %] versus 11 [33.3 %]; difference in response rate 35.4 %, 95 % CI: 12.7 to 58.1, p = 0.004). There was no such response to changes in dosing intensity in partial responders treated with ustekinumab 45 mg. During the placebo-controlled phase, 217 (53.1 %) patients in the 45-mg group, 197 (47.9 %) in the 90-mg group, and 204 (49.8 %) in the placebo group experienced adverse events; serious adverse events were seen in 8 (2.0 %) patients in the 45-mg group, 5 (1.2 %) in the 90-mg group, and 8 (2.0 %) in the placebo group. The authors concluded that although treatment with ustekinumab every 12 weeks is effective for most patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis, intensification of dosing to once every 8 weeks with ustekinumab 90 mg might be necessary to elicit a full response in patients who only partially respond to the initial regimen.

Landells et al (2015) stated safe and effective therapies are needed for pediatric patients with psoriasis. On October 13, 2017, Janssen Biotech, Inc., announced that the FDA approved an expanded indication for Stelara (ustekinumab) for the treatment of adolescents (12 years of age or older) with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis who are candidates for phototherapy or systemic therapy. The FDA-approval of ustekinumab in adolescents (12 years or older) was based on data from a multicenter, randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled study that evaluated ustekinumab in patients age 12 to 17 years who had moderate-to-severe psoriasis. Patients (n = 110) were randomly assigned to ustekinumab standard dosing (SD; 0.75 mg/kg [≤60 kg], 45 mg [>60-≤100 kg], and 90 mg [>100 kg]) or half-standard dosing (HSD; 0.375 mg/kg [≤60 kg], 22.5 mg [>60-≤100 kg], and 45 mg [>100 kg]) at weeks 0 and 4 and every 12 weeks or placebo at weeks 0 and 4 with crossover to ustekinumab SD or HSD at week 12. Clinical assessments included the proportion of patients achieving a Physician's Global Assessment of cleared/minimal (PGA 0/1), at least 75% improvement in Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI 75), and at least 90% in PASI (PASI 90). Adverse events (AEs) were monitored through week 60. At week 12, 67.6% and 69.4% of patients receiving ustekinumab HSD and SD, respectively, achieved PGA 0/1 versus 5.4% for placebo (P < .001). Significantly greater proportions receiving ustekinumab achieved PASI 75 (HSD, 78.4%; SD, 80.6%; placebo, 10.8%) or PASI 90 (HSD, 54.1%; SD, 61.1%; placebo, 5.4%) at week 12 (P < .001). Through week 12, 56.8% of placebo patients, 51.4% of HSD patients, and 44.4% of SD patients reported at least one AE; through week 60, 81.8% reported AEs. The study was small relative to adult trials. The authors concluded that in this patient population (12-17 years), the standard ustekinumab dose provided response comparable to that in adults with no unexpected AEs through 1 year.

In a phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study, Gottlieb et al (2009) evaluated the safety and effectiveness of ustekinumab for psoriatic arthritis. Patients with active psoriatic arthritis were randomly allocated via interactive voice response system to either ustekinumab (90 mg or 63 mg) every week for 4 weeks (weeks 0 to 3) followed by placebo at weeks 12 and 16 (n = 76; Group 1) or placebo (weeks 0 to 3) and ustekinumab (63 mg) at weeks 12 and 16 (n = 70; Group 2). The first 12 weeks of the study were placebo-controlled. Masking was maintained to week 16, and patients were followed-up to week 36 [corrected]. The primary endpoint was American College of Rheumatology 20 % improvement (ACR20) response at week 12. Analysis was by intention-to-treat. At week 12, 32 (42 %) patients in Group 1 and 10 (14 %) in Group 2 achieved the primary endpoint (difference 28 % [95 % CI: 14.0 to 41.6]; p = 0.0002). Of 124 (85 %) participants with psoriasis affecting 3 % or more body surface area, 33 of 63 (52 %) in Group 1 and 3 of 55 (5 %) in Group 2 had a 75 % or greater improvement in psoriasis area and severity index score at week 12 (47 % [33.2 to 60.6]; p < 0.0001). During the placebo-controlled period (weeks 0 to 12), adverse events arose in 46 (61 %) patients in Group 1 and 44 (63 %) in Group 2; serious adverse events were recorded in 3 (4 %) Group 2 patients (none in Group 1). The authors concluded that ustekinumab significantly reduced signs and symptoms of psoriatic arthritis and diminished skin lesions compared with placebo, and the drug was well-tolerated. They stated that larger and longer term studies are needed to further characterise ustekinumab safety and effectiveness for the treatment of psoriatic arthritis.

Ryan et al (2010) examined the safety and efectiveness of ustekinumab in all clinical studies to date, using PubMed listed publications and official product websites. Ustekinumab has shown significant effectiveness in the treatment of chronic plaque psoriasis in phase III studies, and promising results in phase II studies in psoriatic arthritis. Effectiveness has been shown in Crohn's disease only in non-responders to infliximab. Furthermore, ustekinumab did not show benefit in the treatment of multiple sclerosis.

The effectiveness of ustekinumab in treating psoriasis were reproduced in the phase III, multi-center, randomized ACCEPT trial (2008). This head-to-head study comparing ustekinumab and etanercept for the treatment of moderate-to-severe psoriasis showed ustekinumab superior to etanercept according to primary and major secondary efficacy endpoints. The primary endpoint of the trial was the percentage of participants achieving at least a 75 % reduction in psoriasis at week 12 as measured by PASI 75. At week 12, after 2 subcutaneous injections at weeks 0 and 4, 68 % and 74 % of patients receiving ustekinumab 45 mg or ustekinumab 90 mg, respectively, achieved a PASI 75 compared with 57 % of patients receiving etanercept 50 mg subcutaneous injections twice-weekly for 12 weeks (p = 0.012 for ustekinumab 45 mg; p < 0.001 for ustekinumab 90 mg, each compared with etanercept).

In a phase II clinical trial, Kavanaugh et al (2010) evaluated the effect of ustekinumab on physical disability and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Patients with active PsA were randomized (1:1 ratio) to receive either ustekinumab at weeks 0, 1, 2, and 3 and placebo at weeks 12 and 16 (n = 76) or placebo at weeks 0, 1, 2, and 3 and ustekinumab at weeks 12 and 16 (n = 70). Physical function was assessed using the disability index from the Health Assessment Questionnaire-Disability Index (HAQ-DI) in all randomized patients. HRQoL was evaluated using the DLQI in a subset of patients (84.9 %) with at least 3 % body surface area (BSA) psoriasis involvement at baseline. At baseline, overall mean HAQ-DI and DLQI scores were 0.9 and 11.5, respectively, indicating impaired physical function and moderate effect on HRQoL. At week 12, ustekinumab patients had significantly more improvement (decrease) in the mean HAQ-DI (-0.31) and DLQI (-8.6) scores versus placebo (-0.04 and -0.8, respectively; p < 0.001 for both comparisons). At week 12, 58.7 % (37/63) of ustekinumab-treated patients had a DLQI score of 0 or 1 (no negative effect of disease or treatment on HRQoL) versus 5.5 % (3/55) for placebo (p < 0.001). The results also indicated a positive but weak correlation between improvement in physical function and HRQoL, pain, and skin response as well as between improvement in joint and skin responses in patients receiving ustekinumab or placebo. The authors concluded that ustekinumab significantly improved physical function and HRQoL in patients with PsA and psoriasis involving at least 3 % BSA. Limitations of the study included the short duration of the placebo-controlled period and the relatively small patient population.

Kurzeja et al (2011) stated that interleukin (IL)-23 is an important regulator of T helper-17 lymphocytes, which influence the cutaneous immune system by production of IL-17 and several other pro-inflammatory cytokines. This pathway has been recently linked to the pathogenesis of psoriasis and numerous other skin diseases. A newly developed biologic drug, ustekinumab, which targets the p40 subunit of IL-12 and IL-23, was approved by the U.S. FDA and the European Medicines Agency in 2009 for the treatment of moderate to severe psoriasis. Administered as subcutaneous injections of 45 mg at weeks 0 and 4, and then every 12 weeks, ustekinumab produces a 75 % improvement in the PASI in 66.4 to 75.7 % of patients and a DLQI score of 0 or 1 in 55 to 56 % of patients after 12 weeks of therapy. A recent clinical trial also indicates the possible efficacy of ustekinumab in psoriatic arthritis. The proportion of patients who had at least 1 adverse event through 12 weeks in clinical studies was 51.6 to 57.6 % in the ustekinumab group and 50.4 % in the placebo group. Serious adverse events were observed in 1.4 to 1.6 % of patients treated with ustekinumab and in 1.4 % of patients receiving placebo. Injection-site reactions occurred in 1 to 2 % of patients and 5 % of patients developed anti-ustekinumab antibodies. The authors concluded that further studies are needed to evaluate the long-term safety and effectiveness of ustekinumab.

U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved ustekinumab (Stelara), alone or in combination with methotrexate, for the treatment of adult patients (18 years or older) with active psoriatic arthritis. The approval was supported by findings from two pivotal phase 3 multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of ustekinumab administered subcutaneously in subjects with active psoriatic arthritis (PSUMMIT I and PSUMMIT II), which evaluated the efficacy and safety of subcutaneously administered ustekinumab 45 mg or 90 mg at weeks 0, 4 and then every 12 weeks. The trials included 927 patients diagnosed with active psoriatic arthritis who had at least five tender and five swollen joints and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels of at least 0.3 mg/dL in spite of previous treatment with conventional therapy. PSUMMIT II also included 180 patients with previous exposure to 1-5 tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors. Results from PSUMMIT 1 showed that at week 24, 42 percent and 50 percent of patients receiving ustekinumab 45 mg and 90 mg, respectively, achieved at least 20 percent improvement in signs and symptoms according to the American College of Rheumatology criteria (ACR 20), the primary endpoint for both studies. In PSUMMIT II, 44 percent of patients receiving ustekinumab 45 mg and 44 percent of patients receiving ustekinumab 90 mg achieved ACR 20 at week 24. Additionally, ustekinumab improved soft tissue components of the disease, including dactylitis (inflammation of the finger or toe), enthesitis (inflammation of the entheses, the sites where tendons or ligaments attach to bone) and skin component as measured by Psoriasis Area and Severity Index score (PASI) 75.

In August 2022, the U.S. FDA approved ustekinumab (Stelara) for the treatment of pediatric patients 6 years of age and older with active psoriatic arthritis (PsA). FDA approval was based on pharmacokinetic (PK) data and extrapolation of the established efficacy and existing safety profile of ustekinumab in multiple Phase 3 studies in adult and pediatric patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis (PsO) (PSTELLAR, CADMUS, and CADMUS Jr) and adult patients with active PsA (PSUMMIT I and II). "With the limited availability of pediatric PsA patients for inclusion in clinical trials, researchers utilized an extrapolation approach based on previous PK, efficacy and safety observations from a closely adjacent population of pediatric patients with moderate to severe plaque PsO who also had active PsA, as well as adult patients with moderate to severe plaque PsO or active PsA. An analysis of the data demonstrated that PK exposure of STELARA in these pediatric PsO patients with active PsA was consistent with that of Phase 3 clinical trials of STELARA in pediatric PsO patients without active PsA, as well as with adult patients with moderate to severe plaque PsO or adult patients with active PsA, while data on common efficacy endpoints were similar in these pediatric PsO patients with active PsA" (Janssen, 2022).

The product labeling for Stelara has the following warnings and precautions:

Infections: Serious infections have occurred. Do not start Stelara during any clinically important active infection. If a serious infection develops, stop Stelara until the infection resolves.
Theoretical Risk for Particular Infections: Serious infections from mycobacteria, salmonella and Bacillus Calmette‐Guerin (BCG) vaccinations have been reported in patients genetically deficient in IL‐12/IL‐23. Diagnostic tests for these infections should be considered as dictated by clinical circumstances.
Tuberculosis (TB): Evaluate patients for TB prior to initiating treatment with Stelara. Initiate treatment of latent TB before administering Stelara.
Malignancies: Stelara may increase risk of malignancy. The safety of Stelara in patients with a history of or a known malignancy has not been evaluated.
Anaphylaxis or other clinically significant hypersensitivity reactions may occur.
Reversible Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome (RPLS), posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES): Two cases were reported in clinical trial. If suspected, treat promptly and discontinue Stelara.
Noninfectious Pneumonia: Cases of interstitial pneumonia, eosinophilic pneumonia and cryptogenic organizing pneumonia have been reported during post-approval use of Stelara.

The most common adverse reaction for psoriasis (3% or more) include nasopharyngitis, upper respiratory tract infection, headache, and fatigue.

Other

Benvitimod for the Treatment of Psoriasis

Benvitimod, also known as tapinarof or 3,5-dihydroxy-4-isopropyl-trans-stilbene, is a bacterial stilbenoid. In a phase-III clinical trial, Cai and associates (2020) examined the safety and effectiveness of benvitimod cream in patients with mild-to-moderate plaque psoriasis. These researchers randomly assigned 686 patients (2:1:1) to receive 1 % benvitimod cream, 0.005 % calcipotriol ointment, or placebo twice-daily for 12 weeks. The primary efficacy endpoints were the percentage of patients with a 75 % or greater reduction from baseline in the PASI 75 score and with a score of 0 or 1 in static PGA (sPGA) at week 12. The results showed that 50.4 % of patients in the benvitimod group achieved PASI 75, which was significantly higher than that in the calcipotriol (38.5 %, p < 0.05) and placebo (13.9 %, p < 0.05) groups. The proportion of patients achieving an sPGA score 0 or 1 was 66.3 % in the benvitimod group and 63.9 % in the calcipotriol group, which were both significantly higher than that in the placebo group (34 %, p < 0.05). In the long-term follow-up study, 50.8 % of patients experienced recurrence. After retreatment with 1 % benvitimod, 73.3 % of patients achieved an sPGA score of 0 or 1 again at week 52; AEs included application site irritation, follicular papules, and contact dermatitis. No systemic adverse reactions were reported. The authors concluded that during this 12-week study, benvitimod cream was demonstrated with high safety and effectiveness in patients with mild-to-moderate plaque psoriasis. Moreover, these researchers stated that as with any treatment, the benefits need to be weighed against the AEs, and the safety profile of longer-term treatment with benvitimod should be examined.

In a systematic review, Chen and colleagues (2021) examined the safety and effectiveness of benvitimod on psoriasis. These investigators searched the databases of PubMed, China National Knowledge infrastructure, Cochrane Library, Embase, Web of science to identify RCTs of benvitimod on psoriasis up to April 2021. A total of 5 RCTs (1,237 patients) of benvitimod on psoriasis were included; 0.5 % or 1.0 % benvitimod was applied topically once- or twice-day. More patients in benvitimod group achieved PASI 90, PASI 75, PASI 50 and BSA reduction than placebo at week 12. More patients in benvitimod group achieved PGA 0 or 1 than placebo since week 6. There were no statistical significances in the effectiveness of benvitimod at different concentrations and frequencies. The authors concluded that benvitimod was safe and effective for the treatment of psoriasis; however, these researchers stated that more RCTs with high qualities are needed to further verify the current conclusion.

Nano Intervention in Topical Delivery of Corticosteroid

Shetty and Sherje (2021) noted that atopic dermatitis (AD) and psoriasis are highly prevalent, complex, chronic inflammatory skin diseases that affect the patient's QoL. While there is no definitive cure for these conditions, suppressive medications aim at managing the symptoms of these diseases. The application of emollients accompanied by symptomatic anti-inflammatory therapy consisting of topical corticosteroids (TCS) is extensively employed for controlling the symptoms among general practitioners making this therapeutic class an indispensable pillar of dermato-therapeutics. The 1st TCS, hydrocortisone (HC) introduced in the early 1950s led to the development of different steroidal moieties of varying potencies by inducing chemical modifications to the basic steroid structure. The wide spectrum of the available range of formulations and potency provides flexibility to treat all patient groups, different phases of the diseases, and different anatomical sites. Conventional TCS therapy suffers from limitations such as low drug permeation and retention rate; therefore, novel nano-formulations have been developed to overcome these problems. The authors concluded that the market is flooded with conventional TCS preparations extensively used for psoriasis and AD. The use of current TCS therapy for dermatological conditions are inadequate because of their local and systemic toxicity, low benefit-to-risk ratio, reduced treatment efficacy (due to lower penetration of active in the viable epidermal region and poor retentive capability), and high dosing frequency with poor patient compliance. Developments in nano-technology-based drug delivery have successfully opened avenues for improved drug targeting, better therapeutic value, and reduced toxicity for transdermal therapy of psoriasis and AD. Regardless of the immense research work carried out on formulation development and pre-clinical studies, very few clinical studies have been performed to establish the clinical safety of such novel nano-carrier-based systems. These researchers stated that future research must focus on examining the benefit-to-risk ratio for the drugs included in nano-carriers; thus, nano-carrier-based topical drug delivery for corticosteroid would eventually become a crucial accession to dermato-therapy offered for AD and psoriatic patients in the near future.

Stefanov and Andonova (2021) stated that the multi-functional role of the human skin is well known. It acts as a sensory and immune organ that protects the human body from harmful environmental impacts such as chemical, mechanical, and physical threats, reduces UV radiation effects, prevents moisture loss, and helps thermo-regulation. In this regard, skin disorders related to skin integrity require adequate treatment. Lipid nanoparticles (LN) are recognized as promising drug delivery systems (DDS) in treating skin disorders. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) together with nano-structured lipid carriers (NLC) exhibit excellent tolerability as these are produced from physiological and biodegradable lipids. Moreover, LN applied to the skin can improve stability, drug targeting, occlusion, penetration enhancement, and increased skin hydration compared with other drug nano-carriers. Furthermore, the features of LN can be enhanced by inclusion in suitable bases such as creams, ointments, gels (i.e., hydrogel, emulgel, bigel), lotions, etc. These investigators focused on recent developments in LN systems and their application to treating skin diseases (e.g., AD, allergic contact dermatitis, and psoriasis). The authors concluded that lipid nano-systems provide a promising, flexible platform for the safe, effective, and biocompatible topical delivery of active pharmaceutical ingredients, as they do not cause cytotoxicity or morphological changes in the skin layers. The interest shown by pharmaceutical scientists, in the development of lipid nanoparticle delivery systems, may offer a future that provides sufficiently efficient lipid nanoparticle products for needy users.

Sonelokimab for the Treatment of Psoriasis

Papp and colleagues (2021) noted that sonelokimab is a novel tri-valent nanobody comprised of mon-ovalent camelid-derived (i.e., from the Camelidae family of mammals, such as camels, llamas, and alpacas) nanobodies specific to human IL-17A, IL-17F, and human serum albumin. Nanobodies are a novel class of proprietary therapeutic proteins based on single-domain, camelid, heavy-chain-only antibodies. In a randomized, placebo-controlled, multi-center, phase-IIb clinical trial, these researchers examined the safety, effectiveness and tolerability of sonelokimab across 4 dosage regimens compared with placebo in patients with plaque-type psoriasis; secukinumab served as an active control. This trial was carried out at 41 clinics and research sites in Bulgaria, Canada, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Poland, and the U.S. Participants (aged 18 to 75 years) with stable moderate-to-severe plaque-type psoriasis (defined as an Investigator's Global Assessment [IGA] score of greater than or equal to 3, a BSA involvement of greater than or equal to 10 %, and a PASI score of greater than or equal to 12) for more than 6 months before randomization, who were candidates for systemic biological therapy were included. Participants previously treated with more than 2 biologics or any therapy targeting IL-17 were excluded. Randomization was stratified by weight (less than or equal to 90 kg or greater than 90 kg) and previous use of biologics. Investigators, participants, and vendors remained masked for the duration of the study, with the exception of each site's study drug administrator (who did not complete any other assessments in the study) and a study monitor who only assessed drug preparation, administration, and accountability. The study sponsor remained masked until all week 24 data were clean and locked. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1:1:1:1:1) using a centralized interactive response technology system to 1 of 6 parallel treatment groups: placebo group, sonelokimab 30-mg group, sonelokimab 60-mg group, sonelokimab 120-mg normal load group, sonelokimab 120-mg augmented load group, or secukinumab 300-mg group. All participants underwent a 4-week screening period, a 12-week placebo-controlled induction period, a 12-week dose maintenance or escalation period, and a 24-week response assessment or dose-holding period. During the placebo-controlled induction period (weeks 0 to 12), participants received either placebo (at weeks 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 10), sonelokimab 30 mg, 60 mg, or 120 mg normal load (at weeks 0, 2, 4, and 8), sonelokimab 120 mg augmented load (at weeks 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10), or secukinumab 300 mg (at weeks 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 8), with placebo given at weeks 1, 3, 6, and 10 in the sonelokimab 30 mg, 60 mg, and 120 mg normal load groups, at weeks 1 and 3 in the sonelokimab 120 mg augmented load group, and at weeks 6 and 10 in the secukinumab 300 mg group. During the dose maintenance or escalation period (weeks 12 to 24), participants assigned to the placebo group received sonelokimab 120 mg (at weeks 12, 14, 16, and then every 4 weeks); those assigned to sonelokimab 30 mg or 60 mg groups with an IGA score of more than 1 were escalated to 120 mg and then every 4 weeks, and those with an IGA score of 1 or less stayed on the assigned dose at week 12 and then every 4 weeks; those assigned to the sonelokimab 120 mg groups received sonelokimab 120 mg at week 12 and then every 8 weeks (normal load group) or every 4 weeks (augmented load); and those assigned to the secukinumab 300 mg group received secukinumab 300 mg at week 12 and then every 4 weeks. During this period, placebo was given at week 14 in all groups, except in participants who initially received placebo, and at week 16 in the sonelokimab 120 mg normal load group. In the response assessment with dose-holding period (weeks 24 to 48), participants in the sonelokimab 30 mg or 60 mg groups who had dose escalation to 120 mg remained on the same regimen regardless of the IGA score at week 24. Participants in the secukinumab 300 mg group also remained on the same regimen regardless of IGA score at week 24. Participants in the sonelokimab 30 mg and 60 mg groups without dose escalation, and all participants in the 2 sonelokimab 120 mg groups (including placebo roll-over patients) were eligible to stop the study drug at week 24. Those participants with an IGA score of 0 at week 24 received placebo; these participants resumed the previous dose of sonelokimab every 4 weeks when they had an IGA score of 1 or more (assessed every 4 weeks). Participants in these groups with an IGA score of 1 or more at week 24 continued on the same dosage. All study treatments were administered as subcutaneous injections. The final dose in all groups was given at week 44. The primary outcome was the proportion of participants in the sonelokimab groups with an IGA of clear or almost clear (score 0 or 1) at week 12 compared with the placebo group. The primary outcome and safety outcomes were assessed on an intention-to-treat (ITT) basis. The study was not powered for formal comparisons between sonelokimab and secukinumab groups.

Between August 15, 2018, and March 27, 2019, a total of 383 patients were assessed for eligibility, 313 of whom were enrolled and randomly assigned to the placebo group (n = 52), the sonelokimab 30-mg group (n = 52), the sonelokimab 60-mg group (n = 52), the sonelokimab 120-mg normal load group (n = 53), the sonelokimab 120-mg augmented load group (n = 51), or the secukinumab 300-mg group (n = 53). Baseline characteristics of participants were similar among the groups. At week 12, none (0.0 % [95 % CI: 0.0 to 6.8]) of the 52 participants in the placebo group had an IGA score of 0 or 1 versus 25 (48.1 % [34.0 to 62.4], p < 0.0001) of 52 participants in the sonelokimab 30-mg group, 44 (84·6% [71·9-93·1], p<0·0001) of 52 participants in the sonelokimab 60 mg group, 41 (77·4% [63·8-87·7], p<0·0001) of 53 participants in the sonelokimab 120 mg normal load group, 45 (88.2 % [76.1 to 95.6], p < 0.0001) of 51 participants in the sonelokimab 120-mg augmented load group, and 41 (77.4 % [63.8 to 87.7], p < 0.0001) of 53 participants in the secukinumab 300-mg group. During the placebo-controlled induction period, 155 (49.5 %) of 313 participants had 1 or more mostly mild-to-moderate AE; the most frequent AEs in all participants on sonelokimab during weeks 0 to 12 were nasopharyngitis (28 [13.5 %] of 208 participants), pruritus (14 [6.7 %] participants), and upper respiratory tract infection (9 [4.3 %] participants); 1 patient from all sonelokimab-containing groups had CD that developed during weeks 12 to 52. Over 52 weeks, sonelokimab safety was similar to secukinumab, with the possible exception of manageable Candida infections (1 [1.9 %] of 53 participants in the secukinumab group had a Candida infection versus 19 [7.4 %] of 257 participants in all sonelokimab-containing groups). The authors concluded that treatment with sonelokimab doses of 120-mg or less showed significant clinical benefit over placebo, with rapid onset of treatment effect, durable improvements, and an acceptable safety profile. These promising findings need to be further validated in phase-III clinical trials.

Bellinato and associates (2021) stated that psoriasis is a common immune-mediated chronic skin disease. Disease severity is influenced by several factors including the extent and localization of skin lesions, severity of pruritus and co-morbidities, such as psoriatic arthritis. Moderate-to-severe psoriasis is defined when cutaneous involvement is diffuse, covering more than 10 % of the BSA and/or involving the sensitive areas such as face, genitalia, folds or nails or has high impact on patients' QoL, and it occurs in approximately 15 % of cases. In recent years, a growing understanding of psoriasis pathophysiology allowed the development of an increasing number of safe and effective treatments, including biologicals that are indicated for moderate-to-severe psoriasis. Different classes of biologicals have been already approved, including TNF-α (etanercept, infliximab, adalimumab and certolizumab pegol), IL-12/23 (ustekinumab), IL-17 (secukinumab, ixekizumab, brodalumab) and IL-23 (guselkumab, risankizumab, tildrakizumab) inhibitors. These investigators reviewed the safety and effectiveness data of the latest biologicals, small oral molecules and biosimilar drugs for the treatment of chronic plaque psoriasis at phase III of clinical development. The latest IL-17 and IL-23 inhibitors include bimekizumab, netakimab and mirikizumab as well as oral small molecules, such as deucravacitinib, a tyrosine kinase 2 selective inhibitor, and piclidenoson, an agonist of the Gi protein-associated A3 adenosine receptor. The authors also noted that additional molecules are in an early phase of development; highly promising biologicals and small oral molecules are the leading edge of the systemic treatment of psoriasis; and sonelokimab was one of the key words in this study.

Tapinarof Cream for the Treatment of Psoriasis

Lebwohl and colleagues (2021) stated that tapinarof cream is a topical aryl hydrocarbon receptor-modulating agent under investigation for the treatment of psoriasis. Tapinarof modulates the expression of IL-17 and the skin-barrier proteins filaggrin and loricrin. These researchers carried out 2 identical, randomized, phase-III clinical trials of tapinarof in patients with mild-to-severe plaque psoriasis. Adults with a baseline PGA score of 2 (mild) to 4 (severe) (on a scale from 0 to 4, with higher scores indicating more severe psoriasis) and a percent of total BSA affected of 3 % to 20 % were randomly assigned in a 2:1 ratio to use tapinarof 1 % cream or vehicle cream once-daily for 12 weeks. The primary endpoint, PGA response, was a PGA score of 0 (clear) or 1 (almost clear) and a decrease from baseline of at least 2 points at week 12. Secondary efficacy endpoints at week 12 were a reduction of at least 75 % in the PASI score, a PGA score of 0 or 1, the mean change from baseline in the percent of BSA affected, and a reduction of at least 90 % in the PASI score. Patient-reported outcomes were the mean changes from baseline to week 12 in the proportion of patients who had a decrease of at least 4 points in the Peak Pruritus Numeric Rating Scale (PP-NRS) score (range of 0 [no itch] to 10 [worst imaginable itch]), the PP-NRS total score, the Dermatology Life Quality Index total score, and the Psoriasis Symptom Diary score. In trials I and II, a total of 692 and 674 patients, respectively, were screened, with 510 and 515 patients being enrolled. A PGA response occurred in 35.4 % of the patients in the tapinarof group and in 6.0 % of those in the vehicle group in trial I and in 40.2 % and 6.3 %, respectively, in trial II (p < 0.001 for both comparisons). Results for secondary endpoints and patient-reported outcomes were generally in the same direction as those for the primary endpoint; AEs with tapinarof cream included folliculitis, nasopharyngitis, contact dermatitis, headache, upper respiratory tract infection, and pruritus. The authors concluded that tapinarof 1 % cream once-daily was superior to vehicle control in reducing the severity of plaque psoriasis over a period of 12 weeks but was associated with local AEs and headache. These researchers stated that larger and longer trials are needed to examine the safety and effectiveness of tapinarof cream as compared with existing treatments for psoriasis.

Appendix

Examples of Clinical Reasons to Avoid Pharmacologic Treatment with Methotrexate, Cyclosporine or Acitretin

Clinical diagnosis of alcohol use disorder, alcoholic liver disease, or other chronic liver disease
Breastfeeding
Drug interaction
Cannot be used due to risk of treatment-related toxicity
Pregnancy or currently planning pregnancy
Significant comorbidity prohibits use of systemic agents (examples include liver or kidney disease, blood dyscrasias, uncontrolled hypertension)

Table: Brands of Targeted Immune Modulators and FDA-approved Indications
Brand Name	Generic Name	FDA Labeled Indications
Actemra	tocilizumab	Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) Giant cell arteritis Juvenile idiopathic arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis Systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease (SSc-ILD)
Arcalyst	rilonacept	Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes Deficiency of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (DIRA) Recurrent pericarditis
Avsola	infliximab-axxq	Ankylosing spondylitis Crohn's disease Psoriatic arthritis Plaque psoriasis Rheumatoid arthritis Ulcerative colitis
Cimzia	certolizumab	Ankylosing spondylitis or axial spondyloarthritis Crohn's disease Plaque psoriasis Psoriatic arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis
Cosentyx	secukinumab	Ankylosing spondylitis or axial spondyloarthritis Enthesitis-related arthritis Plaque psoriasis Psoriatic arthritis
Enbrel	etanercept	Ankylosing spondylitis Juvenile idiopathic arthritis Plaque psoriasis Psoriatic arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis
Entyvio	vedolizumab	Crohn's disease Ulcerative colitis
Humira	adalimumab	Ankylosing spondylitis Crohn's disease Hidradenitis suppurativa Juvenile idiopathic arthritis Plaque psoriasis Psoriatic arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis Ulcerative colitis Uveitis
Ilaris	canakinumab	Adult-onset Still's disease Periodic fever syndromes Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Ilumya	tildrakizumab-asmn	Plaque psoriasis
Inflectra	infliximab	Ankylosing spondylitis Crohn's disease Psoriatic arthritis Plaque psoriasis Rheumatoid arthritis Ulcerative colitis
Kevzara	sarilumab	Rheumatoid arthritis
Kineret	anakinra	Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes Deficiency of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (DIRA) Rheumatoid arthritis
Olumiant	baricitinib	Rheumatoid arthritis
Orencia	abatacept	Acute graft versus host disease Juvenile idiopathic arthritis Psoriatic arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis
Otezla	apremilast	Oral ulcers associated with Behcet’s Disease Plaque psoriasis Psoriatic arthritis
Remicade	infliximab	Ankylosing spondylitis Crohn's disease Psoriatic arthritis Plaque psoriasis Rheumatoid arthritis Ulcerative colitis
Rinvoq	upadacitinib	Atopic dermatitis Psoriatic arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis Ulcerative colitis
Rituxan	rituximab	Chronic lymphocytic leukemia Granulomatosis with polyangiitis Microscopic polyangiitis Pemphigus vulgaris Rheumatoid arthritis Various subtypes of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
Siliq	brodalumab	Plaque psoriasis
Simponi	golimumab	Ankylosing spondylitis Psoriatic arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis Ulcerative colitis
Simponi Aria	golimumab intravenous	Ankylosing spondylitis Juvenile idiopathic arthritis Psoriatic arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis
Skyrizi	risankizumab-rzaa	Plaque psoriasis Psoriatic arthritis
Stelara	ustekinumab	Crohn's disease Plaque psoriasis Psoriatic arthritis Ulcerative colitis
Taltz	ixekinumab	Ankylosing spondylitis or axial spondyloarthritis Plaque psoriasis Psoriatic arthritis
Tremfya	guselkumab	Plaque psoriasis Psoriatic arthritis
Tysabri	natalizumab	Crohn's disease Multiple sclerosis
Xeljanz	tofacitinib	Ankylosing Spondylitis Polyarticular Course Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Psoriatic arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis Ulcerative Colitis
Xeljanz XR	tofacitinib, extended release	Ankylosing Spondylitis Polyarticular Course Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Psoriatic arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis Ulcerative colitis

Table: CPT Codes / ICD-10 Codes / HCPCS Codes
Code	Code Description
*Information in the [brackets] below has been added for clarification purposes. Codes requiring a 7th character are represented by "+"*:
Other CPT codes related to the CPB:
71045 - 71048	Radiologic examination, chest
86359 - 86361	T cells: total count; absolute CD4 and CD8 count, including ratio; or absolute CD4 count
86480 - 86481	Tuberculosis test, cell mediated immunity antigen response measurement; [interferon-release assay (IGRA)]
86580	Skin test; tuberculosis, intradermal
96365 - 96368	Intravenous infusion, for therapy, prophylaxis, or diagnosis
96369 - 96371	Subcutaneous infusion for therapy or prophylaxis (specify substance or drug)
96372	Therapeutic, prophylactic, or diagnostic injection (specify substance or drug); subcutaneous or intramuscular
96379	Unlisted therapeutic, prophylactic, or diagnostic intravenous or intra-arterial injection or infusion
96401	Chemotherapy administration, subcutaneous or intramuscular; non-hormonal anti-neoplastic
96409 - 96411	intravenous, push technique, single or initial, or each additional
96413 - 96417	Chemotherapy administration; intravenous infusion technique
96900	Actinotherapy (ultraviolet light)
96910 - 96922	Photochemotherapy; tar and ultraviolet B (Goeckerman treatment) or petrolatum and ultraviolet B, psoralens and ultraviolet A (PUVA), photochemotherapy (Goeckerman and/or PUVA), for severe photo-responsive dermatoses requiring at least four to eight hours of care under direct supervision of the physician (includes application of medication and dressings), laser treatment for inflammatory skin disease (psoriasis); total area less than 250 sq cm, 25
HCPCS codes covered if selection criteria are met:
Otezla, Risankizumab-rzaa (Skyrizi), Secukinumab (Cosentyx), & Siliq – no specific code
J0129	Injection, abatacept, 10 mg [orencia]
J0135	Injection, adalimumab, 20 mg [humira]
J0717	Injection, certolizumab pegol 1 mg [cimzia]
J1438	Injection, etanercept, 25 mg [enbrel]
J1602	Injection, golimumab, 1mg for intravenous use [simponi]
J1628	Injection, guselkumab, 1 mg [tremfya]
J1745	Injection, infliximab, 10 mg excludes biosimilar, 10 mg [remicade]
J3245	Injection, tildrakizumab, 1 mg iIlumya]
J3357	Ustekinumab, for subcutaneous injection, 1 mg [stelara]
J3358	Ustekinumab, for intravenous injection, 1 mg [stelara IV]
Q5103	Injection, infliximab-dyyb, biosimilar, (inflectra), 10 mg
Q5104	Injection, infliximab-abda, biosimilar, (renflexis), 10 mg
Q5109	Injection, infliximab-qbtx, biosimilar, (ixifi), 10 mg
Q5121	Injection, infliximab-axxq, biosimilar, (avsola), 10 mg
HCPCS codes not covered for indications listed in the CPB:
Kevzara, Kineret, Olumiant, & Rinvoq – no specific code
J0638	Injection, canakinumab, 1 mg [ilaris]
J2323	Injection, natalizumab, 1 mg [tysabri]
J2793	Injection, rilonacept, 1 mg [arcalyst]
J3262	Injection, tocilizumab (actemra), 1 mg
J3380	Injection, vedolizumab, 1 mg [entyvio]
J9312	Injection, rituximab, 10 mg [rituxan]
Q5115	Injection, rituximab-abbs, biosimilar, (truxima), 10 mg
Q5119	Injection, rituximab-pvvr, biosimilar, (ruxience), 10 mg
ICD-10 codes covered if selection criteria are met:
L40.0 - L40.9	Psoriasis
Other HCPCS codes related to the CPB:
A4633	Replacement bulb/lamp for ultraviolet light therapy system, each
E0691 - E0694	Ultraviolet light therapy systems
J7500	Azathioprine, oral, 50 mg
J7501	Azathioprine, parenteral, 100 mg
J7502	Cyclosporine, oral, 100 mg
J7515	Cyclosporine, oral, 25 mg
J7516	Cyclosporine, parenteral, 250 mg
J8610	Methotrexate, oral, 2.5 mg
J9250	Methotrexate sodium, 5 mg
J9260	Methotrexate sodium, 50 mg
*Xeljanz, & Xeljanz XR*:
HCPCS codes covered if selection criteria are met:
Xeljanz & Xeljanz XR - No specific code
ICD-10 codes covered if selection criteria are met:
L40.50 - L40.59	Arthropathic psoriasis

The above policy is based on the following references:

General References

Bansback N, Sizto S, Sun H, et al. Efficacy of systemic treatments for moderate to severe plaque psoriasis: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Dermatology. 2009;219(3):209-218.
Boudreau R, Blackhouse G, Goeree R, Mierzwinski-Urban M. Adalimumab, elefacept, efalizumab, etanercept, and infliximab for severe psoriasis vulgaris in adults: Budget impact analysis and review of comparative clinical- and cost-effectiveness. Technology Report No. 97. Ottawa, ON: Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (CADTH); December 2007.
Brimhall AK, King LN, Licciardone JC, et al. Safety and efficacy of alefacept, efalizumab, etanercept and infliximab in treating moderate to severe plaque psoriasis: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Br J Dermatol. 2008;159(2):274-285.
British Association of Dermatologists (BAD). Psoriasis Guideline 2006. London, UK: BAD; 2006.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Division of Tuberculosis Elimination. Basic TB facts. TB risk factors. Atlanta, GA: CDC; March 2016.
Coates LC, Kavanaugh A, Mease PJ, et al. Group for research and assessment of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis 2015 treatment recommendation for psoriatic arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016;68(5):1060-71.
Elmets C, Korman N, et al. Guidelines of care for the management and treatment of psoriasis with topical therapy and alternative medicine modalities for psoriasis severity measures. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2021;84:432-470.
Ferrandiz C, García A, Blasco AJ, Lazaro P. Cost-efficacy of adalimumab, etanercept, infliximab and ustekinumab for moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2012;26(6):768-777.
Finnish Medical Society Duodecim. Psoriasis. In: EBM Guidelines. Evidence-Based Medicine [CD-ROM]. Helsinki, Finland: Duodecim Medical Publications Ltd.; May 25, 2005.
Gossec L, Baraliakos X, Kerschbaumer A, et al. European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) recommendations for the management of psoriatic arthritis with pharmacological therapies: 2019 update. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020;79(6):700-712.
Gossec L, Smolen JS, Ramiro S, et al. European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) recommendations for the management of psoriatic arthritis with pharmacological therapies: 2015 update. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;75(3):499-510.
Menter, A, Cordero, KM, Davis, DM, et al. Joint AAD-NPF guidelines of care for the management and treatment of psoriasis in pediatric patients. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020;82(1):161-201.
Menter, A, Gelfand, JM, Connor, C, et al. Joint AAD-NPF guidelines of care for the management of psoriasis with systemic nonbiologic therapies. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020;82(6): 1445-86.
Menter A, Korman NJ, Elmets CA, et al. American Academy of Dermatology Work Group. Guidelines of care for the management of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: Section 6. Guidelines of care for the treatment of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: Case-based presentations and evidence-based conclusions. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011;65(1):137-74.
Menter A, Strober BE, Kaplan DH, et al. Joint AAD-NPF guidelines of care for the management and treatment of psoriasis with biologics. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019;80(4):1029-1072.
Naldi L, Rzany B. Psoriasis (chronic plaque). In: BMJ Clinical Evidence. London, UK: BMJ Publishing Group; August 2007.
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Psoriasis: Assessment and management. Clinical Guideline 153. London, UK: NICE; updated September 2017.
Rozenblit M, Lebwohl M. New biologics for psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Dermatol Ther. 2009;22(1):56-60.
Sbidian E, Chaimani A, Garcia-Doval I, et al. Systemic pharmacological treatments for chronic plaque psoriasis: A network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;12:CD011535.
Singh JA, Guyatt G, Ogdie A, et al. 2018 American College of Rheumatology/National Psoriasis Foundation Guideline for the Treatment of Psoriatic Arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2019;71:5-32.
Smith CH, Anstey JNWN, Barker AD, et al. British Association of Dermatologists guidelines for use of biological interventions in psoriasis 2005. Br J Dermatol. 2005;153:486-497.
Smith CH, Jabbar-Lopez ZK, Yiu ZZ, et al. British Association of Dermatologists guidelines for biologic therapy for psoriasis 2017. Br J Dermatol. 2017;177:628–636.
Thaler KJ, Gartlehner G, Kien C, et al. Targeted immune modulators. Drug Class Review. Final Update 3 Report. Produced by the RTI-UNC Evidence-based Practice Center, Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research, and the Drug Effectiveness Review Project, Oregon Evidence-based Practice Center. Portland, OR: Oregon Health & Science University; March 2012.
Tzu J, Krulig E, Cardenas V, Kerdel FA. Biological agents in the treatment of psoriasis. G Ital Dermatol Venereol. 2008;143(5):315-327.

Abatacept (Orencia)

Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. (BMS). Bristol-Myers Squibb’s Orencia (abatacept receives FDA approval for treatment of active psoriatic arthritis (PsA) in adults. Press Release. Princeton, NJ: BMS; July 6, 2017.
Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. (BMS). Orencia (abatacept) injection. Prescribing Information. Princeton, NJ: BMS; revised June 2020.

Adalimumab (Humira)

Abbott Laboratories. Abbott's Humira (adalimumab) receives FDA approval for moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis. Press Release. Abbott Park, IL: Abbott Laboratories; January 18, 2008.
Abbott Laboratories. Humira (adalimumab) injection, solution for subcutaneous use. Prescribing Information. Abbott Park, IL: Abbott Laboratories; revised February 2008.
AbbVie Inc. Humira (adalimumab) injection, for subcutaneous use. Prescribing Information. North Chicago, IL: AbbVie; revised February 2021.
Boudreau R, Blackhouse G, Goeree R, Mierzwinski-Urban M. Adalimumab, alefacept, efalizumab, etanercept, and infliximab for severe psoriasis vulgaris in adults: Budget impact analysis and review of comparative clinical- and cost-effectiveness. Technology Report No. 97. Ottawa, ON: Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (CADTH); 2007.
Menter A, Tyring SK, Gordon K, et al. Adalimumab therapy for moderate to severe psoriasis: A randomized, controlled phase III trial. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;58(1):106-115.
National Horizon Scanning Centre (NHSC). Adalimumab (Humira) for moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis - horizon scanning review. Birmingham, UK: NHSC; 2006.
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE). Adalimumab for the treatment of adults with psoriasis. NICE Technology Appraisal Guidance 146. London, UK: NICE; June 2008.
Revicki D, Willan MK, Saurat JH, et al. Impact of adalimumab treatment on health-related quality of life and other patient-reported outcomes: Results from a 16-week randomized controlled trial in patients with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis. Br J Dermatol. 2008;158(3):549-557.

Certolizumab (Cimzia)

Feldman SR. Treatment of psoriasis in adults. UpToDate [online serial]. Waltham, MA: UpToDate; reviewed July 2018.
Gottlieb AB, Blauvelt A, Thaçi D, et al. Certolizumab pegol for the treatment of chronic plaque psoriasis: Results through 48 weeks from 2 phase 3, multicenter, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled studies (CIMPASI-1 and CIMPASI-2). J Am Acad Dermatol. 2018;79(2):302-314.e6.
Lebwohl M, Blauvelt A, Paul C, et al. Certolizumab pegol for the treatment of chronic plaque psoriasis: Results through 48 weeks of a phase 3, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, etanercept- and placebo-controlled study (CIMPACT). J Am Acad Dermatol. 2018;79(2):266-276.e5.
UCB, Inc. Cimzia (certolizumab pegol) for injection, for subcutaneous use. Prescribing Information. Smyrna, GA: UCB; revised April 2019.

Etanercept (Enbrel)

Amgen, Inc. Enbrel (etanercept) injection, for subcutaneous use. Prescribing Information. Thousand Oaks, CA: Amgen; revised November 2016.
Amgen, Inc. FDA approves expanded use Of Enbrel (etanercept) to treat children with chronic moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis. News Releases. Thousand Oaks, CA: Amgen; November 4, 2016.
Gottlieb AB, Leonardi CL, Goffe BS, et al. Etanercept monotherapy in patients with psoriasis: A summary of safety, based on an integrated multistudy database. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;54(3 Suppl 2):S92-S100.
Gottlieb AB, Matheson RT, Lowe N, et al. A randomized trial of etanercept as monotherapy for psoriasis. Arch Dermatol. 2003;139(12):1627-1632; discussion 1632.
Immunex Corporation (Amgen). Enbrel (etanercept) injection, for subcutaneous use. Prescribing Information. Thousand Oaks, CA: Amgen; revised June 2019.
Leonardi CL, Powers JL, Matheson RT, et al. Etanercept as monotherapy in patients with psoriasis. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(21):2014-2022.
Mease PJ, Goffe BS, Metz J, et al. Etanercept in the treatment of psoriatic arthritis and psoriasis: A randomised trial. Lancet. 2000;356(9227):385-390.
Mease PJ. Etanercept, a TNF antagonist for treatment for psoriatic arthritis and psoriasis. Skin Therapy Lett. 2003;8(1):1-4.
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE). Etanercept and efalizumab for the treatment of adults with psoriasis. NICE Technology Appraisal Guidance 103. London, UK: NICE; July 2006.
Paller AS, Siegfried EC, Langley RG, et al.; Etanercept Pediatric Psoriasis Study Group. Etanercept treatment for children and adolescents with plaque psoriasis. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(3):241-251.
Paller AS, Siegfried EC, Pariser DM, et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of etanercept in children and adolescents with plaque psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2016;74(2):280-7.e1-e3.
Woolacott N, Hawkins N, Mason A, et al. Etanercept and efalizumab for the treatment of psoriasis: A systematic review. Health Technol Assess. 2006;10(46):1-252.

Golimumab (Simponi)

Janssen Biotech, Inc. Simponi (golimumab) injection, for subcutaneous use. Prescribing Information. Horsham, PA: Janssen Biotech; September 2019.

Golimumab (Simponi Aria)

Janssen Biotech, Inc. Janssen receives two U.S. FDA approvals for Simponi Aria (golimumab) for the treatment of adults with active psoriatic arthritis or active ankylosing spondylitis. News Release. Horsham, PA: Janssen Biotech; October 20, 2017.
Janssen Biotech, Inc. Simponi Aria (golimumab) injection, for intravenous use. Prescribing Information. 082541-171019. Horsham, PA: Janssen Biotech; May 2018.
Janssen Biotech, Inc. Simponi Aria (golimumab) injection, for intravenous use. Prescribing Information. Horsham, PA: Janssen Biotech; February 2021.

Guselkumab (Tremfya)

Blauvelt A, Papp KA, Griffiths, CEM, et al. Efficacy and safety of guselkumab, an anti-interleukin-23 monoclonal antibody, compared with adalimumab for the continuous treatment of patients with moderate to severe psoriasis: Results from the phase III, double-blinded, placebo- and active comparator-controlled VOYAGE 1 trial. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2017;76(3):405-417.
Deodhar A, Helliwell PS, Boehncke WH, et al. Guselkumab in patients with active psoriatic arthritis who were biologic-naive or had previously received TNFα inhibitor treatment (DISCOVER-1): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2020;395(10230):1115-1125.
Janssen Biotech, Inc. Tremfya (guselkumab) injection, for subcutaneous use. Prescribing Information. Horsham, PA: Janssen Biotech; revised July 2020.
Janssen Biotech, Inc. Tremfya (guselkumab) injection. Prescribing Information. Reference ID: 4123919 1. Horsham, PA: Janssen Biotech; revised July 2017.
Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson. Tremfya (guselkumab) approved by U.S. Food and Drug Administration as the first selective interleukin (IL)-23 inhibitor for active psoriatic arthritis. Press Release. Horsham, PA: Janssen; July 14, 2020.
Johnson & Johnson Services, Inc. Janssen announces U.S. FDA approval of Tremfya (guselkumab) for the treatment of moderate to severe plaque psoriasis. Press Release. Horsham, PA: Johnson & Johnson; July 13, 2017.
Mease PJ, Rahman P, Gottlieb AB, et al. Guselkumab in biologic-naive patients with active psoriatic arthritis (DISCOVER-2): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2020;395(10230):1126-1136.
Reich K, Armstrong, AW, Foley P, et al. Efficacy and safety of guselkumab, an anti-interleukin-23 monoclonal antibody, compared with adalimumab for the treatment of patients with moderate to severe psoriasis with randomized withdrawal and retreatment: Results from the phase III, double-blind, placebo- and active comparator–controlled VOYAGE 2 trial. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2017;76(3):418-431.

Infliximab (Remicade/Avsola/Inflectra/Renflexis)

Amgen, Avsola (infliximab-axxq) for injection, for intravenous use. Prescribing Information. Thousand Oaks: CA: Amgen; revised December 2019.
Chaudhari U, Romano P, Mulcahy LD, et al. Efficacy and safety of infliximab monotherapy for plaque-type psoriasis: A randomised trial. Lancet. 2001;357(9271):1842-1847.
Feldman SR, Gordon KB, Bala M, et al. Infliximab treatment results in significant improvement in the quality of life of patients with severe psoriasis: A double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Br J Dermatol. 2005;152(5):954-960.
Gottlieb AB, Evans R, Li S, et al. Infliximab induction therapy for patients with severe plaque-type psoriasis: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2004;51(4):534-542.
Janssen Biotech, Inc. Remicade (infliximab) lyophilized concentrate for injection, for intravenous use. Prescribing Information. Horsham, PA: Janssen Biotech; revised June 2018.
Merck & Co, Inc. Renflexis (infliximab-abda) for injection, for intravenous use. Prescribing Information. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck; revised June 2019.
National Horizon Scanning Centre (NHSC). Infliximab for psoriasis. Horizon Scanning Review. Birmingham, UK: NHSC; 2004.
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE). Infliximab for the treatment of adults with psoriasis. NICE Technology Appraisal Guidance 134. London, UK: January 2008.
Pfizer Inc. Inflectra (infliximab-dyyb) lyophilized concentrate for injection, for intravenous use. Prescribing Information. New York, NY: Pfizer; revised June 2019.
Reich K, Nestle FO, Papp K, et al. Improvement in quality of life with infliximab induction and maintenance therapy in patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis: a randomized controlled trial. Br J Dermatol. 2006;154(6):1161-1168.
Reich K, Nestle FO, Papp K, et al.; EXPRESS study investigators. Infliximab induction and maintenance therapy for moderate-to-severe psoriasis: A phase III, multicentre, double-blind trial. Lancet. 2005;366(9494):1367-1374.

Risankizumab-rzaa (Skyrizi)

AbbVie, Inc. AbbVie expands immunology portfolio in the U.S. with FDA approval of SKYRIZI™ (risankizumab-rzaa) for moderate to severe plaque psoriasis. Press Release. North Chicago, IL: AbbVie; April 23, 2019a.
AbbVie, Inc. Skyrizi (risankizumab-rzaa) injection, for subcutaneous use. Prescribing Information. North Chicago, IL: AbbVie; revised August 2019b.
AbbVie, Inc. Skyrizi (risankizumab-rzaa) injection, for subcutaneous use. Prescribing Information. North Chicago, IL: AbbVie; revised April 2021 January 2022a.
AbbVie, Inc. U.S. FDA approves second indication for Skyrizi (risankizumab-rzaa) to treat adults with active psoriatic arthritis. Press Release. North Chicago, IL: AbbVie; January 21, 2022b.
Gordon KB, Strober B, Lebwohl M, et al. Efficacy and safety of risankizumab in moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis (UltIMMa-1 and UltIMMa-2): Results from two double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled and ustekinumab-controlled phase 3 trials. Lancet. 2018;392(10148):650-661.

Secukinumab (Cosentyx)

Blauvelt A, Prinz JC, Gottlieb AB, et al.; the FEATURE Study Group. Secukinumab administration by pre-filled syringe: Efficacy, safety and usability results from a randomized controlled trial in psoriasis (FEATURE). Br J Dermatol. 2015;172(2):484-93.
Langley RG, Elewski BE, Lebwohl M, et al.; ERASURE Study Group; FIXTURE Study Group. Secukinumab in plaque psoriasis--results of two phase 3 trials. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(4):326-338.
McInnes IB, Mease PJ, Kirkham B, et al.; FUTURE 2 Study Group. Secukinumab, a human anti-interleukin-17A monoclonal antibody, in patients with psoriatic arthritis (FUTURE 2): A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2015;386(9999):1137-46.
McInnes IB, Sieper J, Braun J, et al. Efficacy and safety of secukinumab, a fully human anti-interleukin-17A monoclonal antibody, in patients with moderate-to-severe psoriatic arthritis: A 24-week, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase II proof-of-concept trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73(2):349-356.
Novartis Pharmaceutical Corp. Cosentyx (secukinumab) injection, for subcutaneous use. Prescribing Information. T2015-11. East Hanover, NJ: Novartis; January 2015.
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp. Cosentyx (secukinumab) for injection, for subcutaneous use. Prescribing Information. East Hanover, NJ: Novartis; revised December 2021.
Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp. Novartis announces FDA approval for first IL-17A antagonist Cosentyx (secukinumab) for moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis patients. Press Release. East Hanover, NJ: Novartis; January 21, 2015.
Paul C, Lacour JP, Tedremets L, et al.; the JUNCTURE study group. Efficacy, safety and usability of secukinumab administration by autoinjector/pen in psoriasis: A randomized, controlled trial (JUNCTURE). J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2015;29(6):1082-90.

Tildrakizumab (Ilumya)

Reich K, Papp KA, Blauvelt A, et al. Tildrakizumab versus placebo or etanercept for chronic plaque psoriasis (reSURFACE 1 and reSURFACE 2): Results from two randomised controlled, phase 3 trials. Lancet. 2017 Jul 15;390(10091):276-288.
Sun Pharmaceutical Industries, Inc. Ilumya (tildrakizumab-asmn) injection, for subcutaneous use. Prescribing Information. Cranbury, NJ: Sun Pharma; revised July 2020.

Ustekinumab (Stelara)

Centocor, Inc. Findings from landmark study show ustekinumab demonstrated superior efficacy to Enbrel (etanercept) in treatment of moderate to severe plaque psoriasis. News. Horsham, PA: Centocor; September 18, 2008.
Gottlieb A, Menter A, Mendelsohn A, et al. Ustekinumab, a human interleukin 12/23 monoclonal antibody, for psoriatic arthritis: Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Lancet. 2009;373(9664):633-640.
Griffiths CE, Strober BE, van de Kerkhof P, et al; ACCEPT Study Group. Comparison of ustekinumab and etanercept for moderate-to-severe psoriasis. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(2):118-128.
Janssen Biotech, Inc. Janssen announces U.S. FDA approval of Stelara (ustekinumab) for the treatment of adolescents with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis. Press Release. Horsham, PA: Janssen Biotech; October 13, 2017.
Janssen Biotech, Inc. Stelara (ustekinumab) injection, for subcutaneous or intravenous use. Prescribing Information. Reference ID: 077382-170727. Horsham, PA: Janssen Biotech; revised October 2017.
Janssen Biotech, Inc. Stelara (ustekinumab) injection, for subcutaneous or intravenous use. Prescribing Information. Horsham, PA: Janssen Biotech; revised July 2022.
Janssen Biotech, Inc. Stelara (ustekinumab) receives FDA approval to treat active psoriatic arthritis. First and only anti-IL-12/23 treatment approved for adult patients living with psoriatic arthritis. News Release. Horsham, PA: Janssen Biotech; September 23, 2013.
Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson. Stelara (ustekinumab) approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to treat pediatric patients with active psoriatic arthritis. Press Release. Horsham, PA: Janssen; August 1, 2022.
Kavanaugh A, Menter A, Mendelsohn A, et al. Effect of ustekinumab on physical function and health-related quality of life in patients with psoriatic arthritis: A randomized, placebo-controlled, phase II trial. Curr Med Res Opin. 2010;26(10):2385-2392.
Kurzeja M, Rudnicka L, Olszewska M. New interleukin-23 pathway inhibitors in dermatology: Ustekinumab, briakinumab, and secukinumab. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2011;12(2):113-125.
Landells I, Marano C, Hsu MC, et al. Ustekinumab in adolescent patients age 12 to 17 years with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis: Results of the randomized phase 3 CADMUS study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2015;73(4):594-603.
Leonardi CL, Kimball AB, Papp KA, et al. Efficacy and safety of ustekinumab, a human interleukin-12/23 monoclonal antibody, in patients with psoriasis: 76-week results from a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (PHOENIX 1). Lancet. 2008;371(9625):1665-1674.
McInnes IB, Kavanaugh A, Gottlieb AB, et al.; PSUMMIT 1 Study Group. Efficacy and safety of ustekinumab in patients with active psoriatic arthritis: 1 year results of the phase 3, multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled PSUMMIT 1 trial. Lancet. 2013;382(9894):780-789.
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE). Ustekinumab for the treatment of adults with moderate to severe psoriasis. NICE Technology Appraisal Guidance 180. London, UK: NICE; September 2009.
Papp KA, Langley RG, Lebwohl M, et al; PHOENIX 2 study investigators. Efficacy and safety of ustekinumab, a human interleukin-12/23 monoclonal antibody, in patients with psoriasis: 52-week results from a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (PHOENIX 2). Lancet. 2008;371(9625):1675-1684.
Ryan C, Thrash B, Warren RB, Menter A. The use of ustekinumab in autoimmune disease. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2010;10(4):587-604.
Santos-Juanes J, Coto-Segura P, Mas-Vidal A, Galache Osuna C. Ustekinumab induces rapid clearing of erythrodermic psoriasis after failure of antitumour necrosis factor therapies. Br J Dermatol. 2010;162(5):1144-1146.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). FDA approves new drug to treat psoriasis. FDA News. Rockville, MD: FDA; September 25, 2009.
Weber J, Keam SJ. Ustekinumab. BioDrugs. 2009;23(1):53-61.

Other

Bellinato F, Gisondi P, Girolomoni G. Latest advances for the treatment of chronic plaque psoriasis with biologics and oral small molecules. Biologics. 2021;15:247-253.
Cai L, Chen G-H, Lu Q-J, et al. A double-blind, randomized, placebo- and positive-controlled phase III trial of 1 % benvitimod cream in mild-to-moderate plaque psoriasis. Chin Med J (Engl). 2020;133(24):2905-2909.
Chen L, Wu Y, Xiao B, et al. Application of benvitimod on psoriasis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. A systematic review of benvitimod on psoriasis. Therapie. 2021 Oct 2 [Online ahead of print].
Lebwohl MG, Gold LS, Strober B, et al. Phase 3 trials of tapinarof cream for plaque psoriasis. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(24):2219-2229.
Papp KA, Weinberg MA, Morris A, Reich K. IL17A/F nanobody sonelokimab in patients with plaque psoriasis: A multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 2b study. Lancet. 2021;397(10284):1564-1575.
Shetty K, Sherje AP. Nano intervention in topical delivery of corticosteroid for psoriasis and atopic dermatitis -- a systematic review. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2021;32(8):88.
Stefanov SR, Andonova VY. Lipid nanoparticulate drug delivery systems: Recent advances in the treatment of skin disorders. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2021;14(11):1083.

Last Review 09/01/2022

Effective: 05/02/2003

Next Review: 10/27/2022
Review History
Definitions

Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis: Targeted Immune Modulators

Brand Selection for Medically Necessary Indications

Moderate to Severe Plaque Psoriasis

Active Psoriatic Arthritis (PsA)

Policy

Criteria for Initial Approval

Moderate to severe plaque psoriasis (PsO)

Active psoriatic arthritis (PsA)

Continuation of Therapy

Other

Related Policies

Dosage and Administration

Abatacept (Orencia) (BMS, 2020)

Adalimumab (Humira) (AbbVie, 2021)

Certolizumab (Cimzia) (UCB, 2019)

Etanercept (Enbrel) (Amgen, 2020)

Golimumab (Simponi and Simponi Aria) (Janssen Biotech, 2019, 2021)

Guselkumab (Tremfya) (Janssen Biotech, 2020)

Infliximab (Avsola, Remicade, Renflexis, Inflectra) (Amgen, 2019; Janssen Biotech, 2018; Merck, 2019; Pfizer, 2019)

Risankizumab-rzaa (Skyrizi) (AbbVie, 2022)

Secukinumab (Cosentyx) (Novartis, 2021)

Tildrakizumab-asmn (Ilumya) (Sun Pharma, 2020)

Ustekinumab (Stelara) (Janssen Biotech, 2022)

Experimental and Investigational or Not Medically Necessary

Background

Abatacept

U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-Approved Indications

Compendial Uses

Adalimumab

U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-Approved Indications

Compendial Uses

Certolizumab

U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-Approved Indications

Etanercept

U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-Approved Indications

Compendial Uses

Golimumab

U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-Approved Indications for Simponi (subcutaneous injection)

Compendial Uses for Simponi

U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-Approved Indications for Simponi Aria (intravenous infusion)

Compendial Uses for Simponi Aria

Guselkumab

U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-Approved Indications

Infliximab

U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-Approved Indications

Compendial Uses

Risankizumab-rzaa

U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-Approved Indications

Secukinumab

U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-Approved Indications

Erasure:

Fixture:

Feature:

Juncture:

Tildrakizumab

U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-Approved Indications

Ustekinumab

U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-Approved Indications

Other

Benvitimod for the Treatment of Psoriasis

Nano Intervention in Topical Delivery of Corticosteroid

Sonelokimab for the Treatment of Psoriasis

Tapinarof Cream for the Treatment of Psoriasis

Appendix

Examples of Clinical Reasons to Avoid Pharmacologic Treatment with Methotrexate, Cyclosporine or Acitretin

Information in the [brackets] below has been added for clarification purposes. Codes requiring a 7th character are represented by "+":

Other CPT codes related to the CPB:

HCPCS codes covered if selection criteria are met:

HCPCS codes not covered for indications listed in the CPB:

ICD-10 codes covered if selection criteria are met:

Other HCPCS codes related to the CPB:

Xeljanz, & Xeljanz XR:

HCPCS codes covered if selection criteria are met:

ICD-10 codes covered if selection criteria are met:

The above policy is based on the following references:

General References

Abatacept (Orencia)

Adalimumab (Humira)

Certolizumab (Cimzia)

Etanercept (Enbrel)

Erasure